The paper reviews recent advances in the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, highlighting their potential to treat degenerative diseases for which there are no effective treatments. It focused on preclinical studies and clinical trials published in the last five years, addressing both improvements in stem cell differentiation and expansion techniques, as well as applications in cardiac, bone and neurodegenerative regeneration. The use of nanomaterials, 3D bioprinting and growth factors has improved the efficiency of cell differentiation and cell integration after transplantation. However, challenges remain, such as the risk of tumorigenicity and immune rejection. The conclusions suggest that, although the technology has advanced, further research is needed to overcome technical and ethical challenges before widespread clinical implementation.