Aboriginal over-representation in the criminal justice system: A tale of nine cities

Prairie, Carol La

doi:10.3138/cjcrim.44.2.181

Cited by 58 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Several theories have been put forth to explain the overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in Canada including (a) differential criminal processing due to cultural conflict and racial discrimination, (b) higher Indigenous offending rates, and (c) the commission of offences by Indigenous people that more likely warrant a prison sentence (Bracken, 2008). Each of these, can be connected to socioeconomic disadvantage (low income, lack of education, transiency, single parent homes), and the relative deprivation found within Aboriginal communities (Balfour, 2012; LaPrairie, 2002). The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples found that though over-policing and systemic discrimination play their part in higher Indigenous crime rates, economic and social deprivation are the underlying causes of higher rates of criminality amongst Indigenous people (Anand, 2000).…”

Section: Understanding the Overrepresentation Of Indigenous Peoplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System: Perspectives of Indigenous young people

Cesaroni

Grol

Fredericks

2018

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

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The central purpose of this study was to provide a platform for Indigenous young peoples’ opinions regarding the overrepresentation of Indigenous young people in the criminal justice system. Specifically, the study sought (a) their thoughts on broader issues that contribute to the overrepresentation of young people, and (b) strategies on how to reduce the overrepresentation of young people in the future. Results mirrored themes and findings from the research literature. However, the results are themes that are derived from the lived and observed experiences of Indigenous young people and the Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, and Métis communities.

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Section: Understanding the Overrepresentation Of Indigenous Peoplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System: Perspectives of Indigenous young people

Cesaroni

Grol

Fredericks

2018

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

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“…As in research within North American samples (e.g., Edens et al, 2007), the PCL:YV’s lifestyle and antisocial factors were most informative of recidivism. Comparatively less is known about the reliability of the PCL:YV within Indigenous samples, which raises ethical concerns given that this group has experienced injustices that have contributed to their overrepresentation in the justice system (LaPrairie, 2002). Although not referring specifically to the PCL:YV, Shepherd, Adams, et al (2014) noted that the potentially ethnocentric administration of risk assessment tools within the justice system had the potential to inaccurately identify the most at-risk Indigenous offenders.…”

Section: The Cross-cultural Reliability and Validity Of The Pcl:yv An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Failing to recognize cultural biases contained within risk assessment procedures may add to the sociostructural barriers that Indigenous Peoples in Canada must overcome (Maurutto & Hannah-Moffat, 2007). Indigenous youth are extremely overrepresented in the criminal just system (LaPrairie, 2002), and evaluating whether assessment tools contribute to this overrepresentation is not simply ethically important, it is an “ethical and legal dut[y]” for practitioners working in this field (Hart, 2016, p. 89). Indeed, considering the unique cultural experiences of Indigenous offenders is a fundamental principle of the Canadian justice system, yet empirical research examining the reliability and validity of assessment tools have lacked attention to cultural experience, which may have unique consequences for this group (Hart, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

The cross-cultural generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version for adjudicated indigenous youth.

McCuish

Mathesius

Lussier

et al. 2018

Psychological Assessment

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There is a paucity of Indigenous-specific research examining the reliability and validity of assessment tools routinely utilized within the justice system. Evaluating the cross-cultural reliability and validity of such tools is important for establishing generalizability as part of ethical practices; this is particularly important to address within Canada's Indigenous youth population because of longstanding effects of colonization, structural adversities, and overrepresentation in the youth justice system and the possible long-term impact of improper assessment on adult outcomes. A step toward this aim was undertaken in the current study by comparing scale reliability, structural validity, measurement invariance, and predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) across Indigenous (n = 137) and White (n = 312) adjudicated youth. Polychoric ordinal alpha values indicated that PCL:YV test score scale reliability was high for both Indigenous and White youth. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a 3-factor and 4-factor model provided acceptable-to-good fit for the full sample, and an examination of configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance illustrated that both factor structures fit the subsamples equally well. PCL:YV test scores were also moderately associated with measures of different offending outcomes and performed similarly across White and Indigenous participants. Overall, support was found for the use of the PCL:YV within Indigenous youth, including its use in conjunction with other risk factors and assessment tools to guide risk assessment decisions for this group. The importance of cross-cultural research and directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…It is well-known that living in poverty is positively correlated with poor outcomes for children. The longer a child lives in poverty, the harder it becomes to remove themselves from the pitfalls associated with poverty (McCaslin & Boyer, 2009;LaPrairie, 2002). Many Indigenous people struggle not only with how poverty affects their daily lives, but also with finding hope and purpose within a system that has historically oppressed them (Battiste, 2013;Brownlee et al, 2014;Cherubini et al, 2010;Friedland & Napoleon, 2015).…”

Section: The Impact Of the Reserve Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scholars have argued that Indigenous people are over-criminalized (Cunneen, 2007(Cunneen, , 2008LaPrairie, 2002). "School criminalization teaches students not only that they have little recourse should the government violate their rights, but that they have few rights to begin with" (Hirschfield & Celinska, 2011, p. 8).…”

Section: Criminalization Of Indigenous Youth and Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ontario Anti-Bullying Framework and Its Potential Impact on Indigenous Students in Northern Ontario.

O'Loughlin¹

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Critical reflection of the term 'bullying' and the behaviours that define the term are rarely criticized in mainstream society. In 2012, the Ontario anti-bullying framework came into effect under the Education Act. The underlying message of the framework is that bullying behaviour is not tolerated, thus the buy-in message for all Ontarians is that all students are protected in school. This is not always the case for Indigenous students.My research and dissertation explore how northern educators understand the Ontario antibullying framework policies and how the framework impacts colonial relationships. The sample in this study consists of 12 educators (10 teachers, 1 vice-principal and 1 principal) working in northern Ontario. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed through a multi-grounded theoretical approach. The participants shared their personal background, their understanding of Indigenous history and politics, and their understanding of the anti-bullying framework.Many themes emerged from examination of the data. The theme of minimizing serious behaviour as simply 'bullying' is of particular importance. This study found that the term 'bullying' may be used by teachers or administrators to minimize instances or severity of violence, harassment and racism (against Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth). Furthermore, even though participants appreciated Indigenous history and culture, they did not apply that knowledge in their approach to bullying but instead relied on the mainstream definition of bullying. The cumulative impact suggests a new theoretical insight -reliance on the mainstream discourse of bullying may reproduce settler colonial foundations of the education system.

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Aboriginal over-representation in the criminal justice system: A tale of nine cities

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System: Perspectives of Indigenous young people

Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System: Perspectives of Indigenous young people

The cross-cultural generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version for adjudicated indigenous youth.

The Ontario Anti-Bullying Framework and Its Potential Impact on Indigenous Students in Northern Ontario.

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