About Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plantations of Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia: Ancient population expansion, extensive gene flow and large scale dispersion ability

Acacia plantations in Indonesia facilitate clonal spread of the root pathogen Ganoderma philippii

“…This contrasts strongly with the lack of structure in G . boninense populations, in which 97% of the variation was within plantations, 1% was between plantations and 1.6% between regions (Mercière et al , ).…”

“…Basidiospores have been implicated as the main inoculum source for G. boninense , causal agent of basal stem rot in oil palms (Pilotti et al , ; Mercière et al , ) and infection mechanisms for basidiospores have been elucidated (Rees et al , ). The population structure of G. boninense contrasts strongly with that of G .…”

“…The population structure of G. boninense contrasts strongly with that of G . philippii , showing little differentiation among populations across northern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (Mercière et al , ) and apparently comprised one large, freely recombining population, with little clonal duplication. Early work with G .…”

“…Early work with G . boninense focused on the potential for root to root spread of the pathogen and the sanitation procedures adopted may have reduced the level of clonal propagation and influenced the population structure of this pathogen (Mercière et al , ).…”

“…Ganoderma boninense provides a useful example. This is a related pathogen that causes basal stem rot in oil palms, and population genetic studies have indicated a significant role for basidiospores in disease dispersal (Pilotti et al , ; Pilotti, ; Mercière et al , ; ). Studies have confirmed the ability of basidiospores to directly infect cut fronds and indirectly to infect roots via colonized debris (Rees et al , ).…”