By the method of computer modeling, some features of the change in the frequency spectra of the bottom signals of direct high-frequency probes during ultrasonic investigation of the metal structure with different average grain sizes and the dispersion of their sizes have been established. It is shown that for probe models with frequencies f0 = 10; 15 MHz (with a frequency spectrum width at 0.25 from a maximum of 0.5f0), with an increase in the values of the average grain size and the dispersion of their sizes, an increase in the width of the signal spectra occurs due to the peculiarities of changing the shape of the spectra in the low frequency region. For a broadband converter model with a frequency f0 = 15 MHz (with a spectrum bandwidth ≈ f0), under similar conditions, the spectrum width decreases due to the predominant attenuation of its high-frequency components, while for all converter models used in calculations, there is a decrease in the frequency of the spectrum maximum. The calculation results for the broadband converter are confirmed by experiment. It is proposed to use the shift of the maximum of the spectrum and the change in the bandwidth of the pulse spectrum in the ultrasonic study of the metal structure.