About PAR: The distinct evolutionary dynamics of the pseudoautosomal region

Otto, Sarah P.; Pannell, John R.; Peichel, Catherine L.; Ashman, Tia‐Lynn; Charlesworth, Deborah; Chippindale, Adam K.; Delph, Lynda F.; Guerrero, Rafael F.; Scarpino, Samuel V.; McAllister, Bryant F.

doi:10.1016/j.tig.2011.05.001

Cited by 195 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 82 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

223

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Even if the PAR contains a gene under SA selection, unless selection is extremely strong, X-Y allele frequency differences are not likely without close linkage to the MSY. In models of SA, only loci within ,1 cM from the PAR boundary are expected to maintain balanced polymorphisms, and therefore only neutral variants within this distance, or slightly longer, should show LD with the MSY (Otto et al 2011;Jordan and Charlesworth 2012). The findings in Carica papaya are consistent with these predictions.…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

“…These alleles may become polymorphic in populations, with the Y (in XY systems) carrying male-benefit alleles at higher frequencies than the X, establishing a situation that selects for reduced recombination with the fully sex-linked sex-determining region (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1980;Rice 1987;Mank and Ellegren 2009;Jordan and Charlesworth 2012). In a species with ongoing sex chromosome evolution, the PAR is the genome region most likely to maintain such "sexually antagonistic" (SA) polymorphisms, because partially sex-linked SA alleles can most readily maintain linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the linked sex-determining region of the XY pair, producing sex differences in allele frequencies (Otto et al 2011;Jordan and Charlesworth 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Testing for the Footprint of Sexually Antagonistic Polymorphisms in the Pseudoautosomal Region of a Plant Sex Chromosome Pair

Qiu¹,

Bergero²,

Charlesworth

2013

Genetics

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The existence of sexually antagonistic (SA) polymorphism is widely considered the most likely explanation for the evolution of suppressed recombination of sex chromosome pairs. This explanation is largely untested empirically, and no such polymorphisms have been identified, other than in fish, where no evidence directly implicates these genes in events causing loss of recombination. We tested for the presence of loci with SA polymorphism in the plant Silene latifolia, which is dioecious (with separate male and female individuals) and has a pair of highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with XY males. Suppressed recombination between much of the Y and X sex chromosomes evolved in several steps, and the results in Bergero et al. (2013) show that it is still ongoing in the recombining or pseudoautosomal, regions (PARs) of these chromosomes. We used molecular evolutionary approaches to test for the footprints of SA polymorphisms, based on sequence diversity levels in S. latifolia PAR genes identified by genetic mapping. Nucleotide diversity is high for at least four of six PAR genes identified, and our data suggest the existence of polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection in this genome region, since molecular evolutionary (HKA) tests exclude an elevated mutation rate, and other tests also suggest balancing selection. The presence of sexually antagonistic alleles at a locus or loci in the PAR is suggested by the very different X and Y chromosome allele frequencies for at least one PAR gene.

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for the Footprint of Sexually Antagonistic Polymorphisms in the Pseudoautosomal Region of a Plant Sex Chromosome Pair

Qiu¹,

Bergero²,

Charlesworth

2013

Genetics

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to the models, spread of recombination suppression is fueled by the availability of alleles with sexually antagonistic properties in the vicinity of the sex locus. However, the process may cease if the junctions with the SDR have high recombination rates per physical distance (Otto et al, 2011), or if the non-recombining region abuts a sequence of sufficient recombinational length that fails to provide genetic variation for sexually antagonistic traits (Rice, 1987). Indeed, an extensive array of the ribosomal RNA genes adjacent to the SDR in Aedes and Culex may constitute a sufficient barrier that prevents expansion of the non-recombining region toward the telomere.…”

Section: Evolutionary Persistence Of a Short Sdrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sex locus is tightly linked to factors conferring sex-specific lethal effects in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In many taxa, sex chromosomes are heteromorphic and largely non-recombining. Evolutionary models predict that spread of recombination suppression on the Y chromosome is fueled by the accumulation of sexually antagonistic alleles in close linkage to the sex determination region. However, empirical evidence for the existence of sexually antagonistic alleles is scarce. In the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the sex-determining chromosomes are homomorphic. The region of suppressed recombination, which surrounds the male-specific sex-determining gene, remains very small, despite ancient origin of the sex chromosomes in the Aedes lineage. We conducted a genetic analysis of the A. aegypti chromosome region tightly linked to the sex locus. We used a strain with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged transgene inserted near the male-determining gene to monitor crossing-over events close to the boundary of the sex-determining region (SDR), and to trace the inheritance pattern of the transgene in relation to sex. In a series of crossing experiments involving individuals with a recombinant sex chromosome we found developmental abnormalities leading to 1:2 sex biases, caused by lethality of half of the male or female progeny. Our results suggest that various factors causing sex-specific lethal effects are clustered within the neighborhood of the SDR, which in the affected sex are likely lost or gained through recombination, leading to death. These may include genes that are recessive lethal, vital for development and/or sexually antagonistic. The sex chromosome fragment in question represents a fascinating test case for the analysis of processes that shape stable boundaries of a non-recombining region.

show abstract

“…Cerca de 15% dos genes escapam à inativação e outros 10% parecem exibir um padrão variável de inativação, sendo bialélicamente expressos somente em um grupo de mulheres ou determinados tecidos (Carrel & Willard, 2005;Berletch et al, 2010). Isso explicaria a diferença observada entre camundongos e humanos X0 (Disteche et al, 2002 PAR1 possui cerca de 2,7Mb e contém 24 genes e PAR 2 possui cerca de 0,33Mb e contém apenas cinco genes (revisto por Flaquer et al, 2008;Otto et al, 2011).…”

Section: Genes Que Escapam à XCIunclassified

“…Assim como nos demais mamíferos, uma única região peudoautossômica (PAR, do inglês, pseudoautosomal region) é encontrada na região distal dos cromossomo X e Y de camundongos. Essa região é muito pequena, correspondendo a menos de 1% do cromossomo Y. Possui aproximadamente 700kb e parece conter apenas três genes (Perry et al, 2001;Berletch et al, 2010;Otto et al, 2011;White et al, 2012).…”

Section: Genes Que Escapam à XCIunclassified

Triagem funcional de genes envolvidos no processo de manutenção da inativação do cromossomo X em humanos

Vergani¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

About PAR: The distinct evolutionary dynamics of the pseudoautosomal region

Cited by 195 publications

References 82 publications

Testing for the Footprint of Sexually Antagonistic Polymorphisms in the Pseudoautosomal Region of a Plant Sex Chromosome Pair

Testing for the Footprint of Sexually Antagonistic Polymorphisms in the Pseudoautosomal Region of a Plant Sex Chromosome Pair

The sex locus is tightly linked to factors conferring sex-specific lethal effects in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Triagem funcional de genes envolvidos no processo de manutenção da inativação do cromossomo X em humanos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About