About the cortical origin of the low-delta and high-gamma rhythms observed in EEG signals during treadmill walking

Oscillations in the human brain during walking execution, imagination and observation

“…Indeed, we have recently demonstrated [68] that harmonics of the fundamental stepping frequency recorded by accelerometer placed on the top of the head were found in the EEG signals spectrum (Fig. 2 C,D) corresponding to the fundamental stepping frequency of the subject ranging from 0.6 Hz at 1.5 km/h to about 1 Hz at 4.5 km/h.…”

Temporal and spatial organization of gait-related electrocortical potentials

“…These motion artifacts cannot simply be removed by spectral filtering [4]. Therefore, an ICA was applied as a compromise between removing motion artifacts and keeping brain-related data in the EEG recordings [2,11]. In addition to the evidence provided by the source localization (see Section 4.2 Spatial Organization of GRCPs'), our findings are supported by the studies of [34] and [12]: they show similar MRCPs related to rhythmic gait-like movement of the lower limbs while the risk of triboelectric noise or electrode movements is absent due to the specific set-up.…”

Measuring human locomotor control using EMG and EEG: Current knowledge, limitations and future considerations

“…A remaining issue for dynamic EEG recordings is the signal quality as research suggests a remaining influence of movement artifacts even after cleaning protocols and ICA (Castermans et al, 2014). First, there are two different types of artifacts that have to be considered.…”

“…Utilizing high-density electrode arrays allows for rejecting many channels with poor signal quality while keeping spatial coverage of all brain areas with the remaining electrodes. Artifacts that are time-locked to the movement cycle, shown to be a problem during dynamic recordings (Castermans et al, 2014), have a larger influence on the data as they do not diminish when averaging many trials and epochs. Most likely, some of the results to date represent a mixture of actual cortical signals and remaining time-locked movement artifacts.…”