About the emissions of alternative jet fuels

Braun‐Unkhoff, Marina; Riedel, Uwe; Wahl, Claus

doi:10.1007/s13272-016-0230-3

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Within InnoTreib [3], it was decided to study a synthetic fuel without any aromatics to benefit from the improved environmental prospects aromatics-free fuels offer [1,2]. Hence, in the present work, for the development of the reaction mechanism of a surrogate fuel to mimic a corresponding innovative fuel, n-dodecane, isooctane, and cyclohexane were chosen as representative components for the molecule classes of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cycloalkanes, respectively.…”

Section: Results Of the Modelling Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several organizations of the aviation sector commit to reduce the emissions of CO 2 and NO x up to 2050 drastically; for example, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) aims to reduce the CO 2 -emissions by 50 % compared to 2005. The Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE) aspire to a reduction of 75 % for CO 2emssions and 90 % for NO x -emissions, each referring to emissions in 2000 [1]. Besides technical and operational improvements, the use of alternative synthetic fuels is necessary to achieve these goals.…”

Section: Introduction -Correlation Between Composition and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These properties differ depending on the specific molecule and including its carbon length and its degree of branching. Since a practical fuel like a jet fuel is a multicomponent mixture, the properties are defined by the characteristics of all fuel components [1,2]. Because mixing and combustion are affected by the fuel properties, the system (aircraft -jet engine) and its emission pattern are influenced, too.…”

Section: Introduction -Correlation Between Composition and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and tools for the characterisation of a generic jet fuel

et al. 2019

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The demand for producing environmentally friendly jet fuels raises the question how to design a jet fuel that matches predefined properties. Targets to be matched are e.g. energy content or less harmful emission characteristics. A further major challenge for the production of new synthetic jet fuels is their availability for the required certification process in sufficient quantities within an appropriate time frame and at reasonable cost. This implies the need for tools for the formulation of synthetic jet fuels which have mostly a component pattern that differs from Jet A-1 made from crude-oil. In the present work, to address these challenges, a new approach will be presented in order to be able to design a synthetic jet fuel from scratch with preselected and well-defined physical and chemical properties: The development of a chemical kinetic reaction mechanism able to describe the oxidation of a generic fuel consisting of only a few representative components of the major molecule classes occurring in jet fuels. N-dodecane, cyclohexane, and isooctane were chosen as single fuel components, and their global combustion properties, i.e. laminar burning velocity and ignition delay time, were measured. These experimental data were used for the validation of the reaction mechanisms, first developed for each single fuel component, and then combined to the reaction mechanism for the generic fuel under consideration. The last step is the further optimization and reduction of the generic fuel reaction mechanism to ensure its suitability for the integration in numerical simulation to tackle the combustion of a synthetic fuel under practical conditions, e.g. in CFD simulations.

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Section: Results Of the Modelling Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction -Correlation Between Composition and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction -Correlation Between Composition and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methods and tools for the characterisation of a generic jet fuel

et al. 2019

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“…Environmental effects of emissions from aircraft engine were considered in paper (Braun-Unkhoff et al 2017). Generated emission from aircraft industry has not only a negatively effect on climate and air quality but also human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a Jet A-1/HEFA blend on the performance and emission characteristics of a miniature turbojet engine

Gawron

Białecki

2017

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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It is forecast that in the future, alternative fuels derived from non-petroleum sources will become the basic propellant for turbine aircraft engines. Currently, five types of aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons are certified and accepted, and allow adding a maximum of 50% of synthetic component to conventional fuel. The experimental performance and the emission characteristics of a turbojet engine were investigated in this paper. The studies were conducted with the use of a miniature turbojet engine, which is the main component of a laboratory test rig. The test rig is an interesting solution for engine research, due to the fact that studies concerning fullscale aircraft engines are very complex and expensive. The literature of the subject contains many papers using smallscale turbojet engines for testing alternative fuels. However, most of them concern components of fuels, e.g. biodiesel, butanol, which do not have direct application in aviation. Two different fuel samples, a conventional Jet A-1 fuel and a blend of 48% synthesized paraffinic kerosene from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids process with Jet A-1 were tested. This process is one of the routes of producing alternative fuel for aviation, approved by ASTM standard. The test rig studies were performed according to a specific profile of engine test, which models different modes of a turbojet engine's operation. The obtained results are compared in relation to the results for neat Jet A-1 fuel and then discussed.

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“…In the last years, several experimental studies were done focusing on the emissions of combustors and turbine engines operated with alternative jet fuels. For an overview of major relevant studies, see [28][29] and references therein. The emissions measured include gaseous emissions, mostly CO, CO 2 , NO X , UHC, and particle emissions, in mass, number, and size, besides sulfur containing species, aromatics, and aldehydes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Emissions of Alternative Aviation Fuels

Riebl

Braun‐Unkhoff

Riedel

2017

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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Currently, the aviation sector is seeking for alternatives to kerosene from crude oil, as part of the efforts combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2), and ensuring security of supply at affordable prices. Several synthetic jet fuels have been developed including sustainable biokerosene, a low-carbon fuel. Over the last years, the technical feasibility as well as the compatibility of alternative jet fuels with today's planes has been proven However, when burning a jet fuel, the exhaust gases are a mixture of many species, going beyond CO2 and water (H2O) emissions, with nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) including aromatic species and further precursors of particles and soot among them. These emissions have an impact on the local air quality as well as on the climate (particles, soot, contrails). Therefore, a detailed knowledge and understanding of the emission patterns when burning synthetic aviation fuels are inevitable. In the present paper, these issues are addressed by studying numerically the combustion of four synthetic jet fuels (Fischer–Tropsch fuels). For reference, two types of crude-oil-based kerosene (Jet A-1 and Jet A) are considered, too. Plug flow calculations were performed by using a detailed chemical-kinetic model validated previously. The composition of the multicomponent jet fuels was imaged by using the surrogate approach. Calculations were done for relevant temperatures, pressures, residence times, and fuel equivalence ratios φ. Results are discussed for NOx, CO as well as for benzene and acetylene as major soot precursors. According to the predictions, the NOx and CO emissions are within about ±10% for all fuels considered, within the parameter range studied: T = 1800 K, T = 2200 K; 0.25 ≤ φ ≤ 1.8; p = 40 bar; t = 3 ms. The aromatics free GtL (gas to liquid) fuel displayed higher NOx values compared to Jet A-1/A. In addition, synthetic fuels show slightly lower (better) CO emission data than Jet A-1/A. The antagonist role of CO and NOx is apparent. Major differences were predicted for benzene emissions, depending strongly on the aromatics content in the specific fuel, with lower levels predicted for the synthetic aviation fuels. Acetylene levels show a similar, but less pronounced, effect.

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About the emissions of alternative jet fuels

Cited by 48 publications

References 42 publications

Methods and tools for the characterisation of a generic jet fuel

Methods and tools for the characterisation of a generic jet fuel

Impact of a Jet A-1/HEFA blend on the performance and emission characteristics of a miniature turbojet engine

A Study on the Emissions of Alternative Aviation Fuels

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