About the Negative Gravitational Mass

Abstract

In a previous paper, we demonstrated that the linearized general relativity could explain dark energy (the experimental values of parameters Ω Λ , the cosmological constant, the recent acceleration of the expansion of our Universe) offering an amazing image of our universe at an incredible scale. This explanation of dark energy relies on the assumption of the existence of a negative gravitational mass (with always a positive inertial mass meaning that gravitation could be repulsive). This article demonstrates that this assumption is not only compliant with general relativity but even that the repulsive gravitational interaction is inscribed in the equations of the general relativity. The absence of negative gravitational mass should then be justified because nothing forbids its existence and until now repulsive gravitation has never been observed. This natural possibility of general relativity must be then avoided by adding an ad hoc paradigm. In a way, the principle of masses' equivalence plays indirectly this role. We will show why this principle can be verified with a great accuracy but we also propose experiments that could violate this principle, allowing at the same time rejecting its status of theoretical principle. This frame of explanation (general relativity released from this ad hoc constraint) opened then the way of the negative gravitational mass with its natural corollary, the repulsive gravitational interaction, and of the following major predictions: the antimatter should have a negative gravitational mass, the neutrino should not be a Majorana particle, the principle of equivalence of masses should be violated for the antiprotonic helium, the apparent disappearance of antimatter could be explained. We recall some other consequences: an "initial" cosmic inflation would be unavoidable, dark energy (or cosmological constant) might not be constant in time (causing accelerating universe). Several experiments are testing some of these predictions: NEMO experiment tests if neutrino is a Majorana particle, and AEgIS, ALPHA and GBAR experiments at CERN test the behavior of the gravitational interaction on anti-matter and the sign of its gravitational mass. First results could be obtained in 2018. Experiments are proposed to test the violation of the principle of equivalence of the masses.

Negative Gravitational Mass: An Ideal Solution for Cosmology

“…It should be noted at once that the solution presented here differs from other studies on negative masses (for example [1]) by the negativity of the only gravitational mass (the inert mass remaining always positive) which leads to the attractiveness of masses of the same sign (in particular negative masses between them) and to the repulsion of masses of opposite sign. In article [2], we show that the existence of negative heavy masses is not only consistent with General Relativity, but they are even necessary from a theoretical point of view like the antiparticles predicted by Dirac. The inert mass must also be always positive, which leads to various consequences which can be the subject of experience, in particular on the principle of equality of heavy and inert masses.…”

“…This statistic allows us to predict the birth of a radiation and reheating phase after inflation. As demonstrated in [2], if negative heavy masses exist, they must be carried by antiparticles. So, even if at this stage the electric charge has not yet emerged, the pair of particles (+, −) resulting from the symmetry breaking is therefore a particle-antiparticle pair.…”

“…Note: The value of the inert mass of the preceding formula will be the same as that of the gravitational mass because, as indicated in article [2], the principle of equivalence is respected when the objects are not mixtures of particles-antiparticles and this is the mass of the particle (and not of the cloud). We can expect, at this stage of creation of the 1stparticles, that they are pure.…”

“…In the homogeneous zones in heavy masses, the principle of equality of the heavy and gravitational masses is verified, in the heterogeneous zones this is not the case (cf. [2]).…”

The case of a repulsive force in an inhomogeneous gravitational field without shedding momentum

“…There also exist papers that discuss the possibility of generating a repulsive force due to general relativity postulating possible existence of negative mass (see [21][22][23][24]) or certain hypothetical properties of vacuum [25].…”