About the oldest domesticates among fishes

Abstract

Domestication of mammals such as cattle, dogs, pigs and horses preceded that of fishes by at least 10 000 years. The first domesticated fish was the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Initially it was held as an exploited captive and did not undergo major changes in body shape or colour variations. About 2000 years ago, wild common carp were most abundant in the inland delta of the Danube River. These fish were torpedo shaped, golden‐yellow in colour and had two pairs of barbels and a mesh‐like scale pattern. Large schools of them thrived and reproduced on the flood plains of the Danube. The Romans kept fishes in specially built ponds at that time. The common carp was an ideal candidate and its rearing became more popular in medieval times. Common carp culture gradually became the most profitable branch of agriculture in central Europe and many special ponds were built. Soon common carp were being produced in pond systems including spawning and growing ponds. Unintentional artificial selection had taken place between the 12th and mid‐14th century, and deep bodied and variously scaled or scaleless domesticated forms appeared in nearly every pond system. Some colour aberrations appeared in the 1950s in Japan, which, as koi, became the most expensive of fish. Common carp were not originally domesticated in China but wild ‘chi’Carassius auratus occasionally appeared as a xanthic form that, as the goldfish, has been known since 960 A.D. By the 1200s the fish were used as ornamental animals in the garden pools of rich landowners. Circa 1276 to 1546, the Chinese began keeping golden chi in aquarium‐like vessels and soon rich and poor alike became breeders of the fancy domesticated goldfish. The variously shaped monstrosities and colour aberrants were freaks but they became very fashionable at that time and still are. Domesticated goldfish monstrosities were first exported from China to Japan and much later to Europe and around the world. More recently other species have been domesticated by aquarists, such as the guppy Poecilia reticulata or the neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi. Other fishes kept as ornamentals, like swordtails Xiphophorus hellerii and platies Xiphophorus maculatus, the discus and angelfishes (Cichlidae), as well as those cultured for food like the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus or sturgeons (Acipenseridae) are merely exploited captives.

PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO DAN LARVA IKAN LETTER SIX, Paracanthurus hepatus

“…Dalam perkembangan perbenihan ikan letter six, telah dilakukan upaya domestikasi induk-induk dari alam ke dalam lingkungan terkontrol, bertujuan: (1) untuk mengumpulkan dan menyimpan suatu individu untuk tujuan tertentu, (2) diharapkan individu yang telah terkumpul dapat dibenihkan secara terkontrol, (3) sebagai langkah awal untuk mempelajari perilaku suatu individu/spesies di mana variasi morfologi dan fisiologi saat dalam lingkungan alam masih belum diketahui, (4) dan beberapa spesies tertentu tidak dapat bertahan tanpa perlindungan manusia (Balon, 2004). Upaya domestikasi telah berhasil dilakukan dengan adanya indikasi tingginya sintasan induk, memiliki respons makan terhadap pakan buatan (pellet), keberhasilan pemijahan secara alami oleh induk-induk ikan letter six di BBPPBL, Gondol, Buleleng, Bali.…”

Spermatozoa motility and short-term sperm storage of colourful orfe (Leuciscus idus aberr orfus)

“…The domestication of finfish species can cause considerable changes in body shape, scale type, colour forms and physiology (Balon, 2004). One such freshwater species, the ide, needs several generations to produce forms with different physiological reactions to artificial reproduction procedures that cause final oocyte maturation (Krejszeff et al, 2009).…”

Efectos Ecotoxicologicos Del Cartap Sobre Poecilia Reticulata "Guppy'' (Poecilidae) Y Paracheirodon Innesi "Neon Tetra'' (Characidae)

“…Los peces son organismos acuáticos extremadamente sensibles a la perturbación ambiental, siendo afectados en su crecimiento y en sus funciones reproductivas (Iannacone et al 1999 (Iannacone & Alvariño 1998). Es considerada una especie de importancia ornamental por la acuarofilia mundial (Balon 2004). Se han realizado en P. reticulata diversos estudios en el ámbito del aprendizaje y del comportamiento reproductivo (Brosnan et al 2003, Croft et al 2003, Grether et al 2003, así como modificaciones en el comportamiento por acción de pesticidas organofosforados (Selvi et al 2004).…”

“…Se han realizado en P. reticulata diversos estudios en el ámbito del aprendizaje y del comportamiento reproductivo (Brosnan et al 2003, Croft et al 2003, Grether et al 2003, así como modificaciones en el comportamiento por acción de pesticidas organofosforados (Selvi et al 2004). Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) "Neon Tetra" (Characidae), es una especie amazónica, domesticada y conocida por los acuaristas a nivel mundial (Balon 2004). En esta especie se han realizado varios estudios fisiológicos con relación a adaptaciones cromáticas por variaciones de luminosidad a nivel de la piel y ocular (Hayashi et al 1993), así como efectos de la calidad del agua (pH, dureza y metales pesados), factores nutricionales (vitaminas) y formas parasitarias (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Foquet, 1876) sobre la fisiología de P. innesi (Schmahl et al 1992, Pannevis & Earle 1994, González et al 1998, Tao et al 2002.…”