“…In general, cement-based materials, as any other material, are affected by their presence in the environment, and the porous nature of these materials facilitates the penetration of water, gases, and aggressive materials leading to the activation of different reactions with the hydrated phases in the hardened materials affecting their durability. Both physical and chemical reactions occur between cement-based materials and ambient environmental components, leading to a reduction in their permeability [141,146], e.g., carbonation [79];sulfate attacks [80];induction of cracks through, for example, freeze-thaw cycles [61,73,80,88,128]; aggregate reactions [69]; and loss of materials via, for instance, leaching [24,36,61], abra-sion [64,79,84,86,89], and erosion. In addition, the performance of these materials might be affected by the applied loads on them that can, in conjunction with environmental conditions, lead to serious failures.…”