Abrupt changes (jumps) in reflectance values and chemical compositions of artificial charcoals and inertinite in coals

Bustin, R. Marc; Guo, Yi

doi:10.1016/s0166-5162(98)00025-1

Cited by 197 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…3 and 4); this was comparable to the expected trend shown for 300-1,100°C for 1 h (Fig. 4), which itself is comparable to previous work on woods Guo and Bustin 1998;Bustin and Guo 1999;McParland et al 2007;Scott and Glasspool 2007;Braadbaart and Poole 2008). The samples charred at 300, 500 and 800°C for 5 h, which were re-charred for a further 5 h at 800°C, all took on the reflectance value of those charred for 5 or 10 h at 800°C (Fig.…”

Section: Laboratory-charred Charcoals and Re-charring Experimentssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…One hundred points were measured randomly from each sample (this was repeated three times with three separate samples for the re-charred material). An initial survey found there was no obvious variation in mean random reflectance between various wood cells, therefore all cell types were included in the analysis; no difference has been seen in any of previous published work by the authors Scott and Jones 1991;Scott and Glasspool 2007;McParland et al 2007) nor is there documentation in the literature of a difference in similar experiments (Guo and Bustin 1998;Bustin and Guo 1999;Braadbaart and Poole 2008).…”

Section: Reflectance Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages

McParland

Collinson

Scott

et al. 2009

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Charcoal assemblages occur in both natural and archaeological settings. Cell wall reflectance values of charcoal in polished blocks under oil provide a proxy for temperature of formation. This paper aims to (1) determine whether wildfire charcoals and anthropological charcoals from various pyrotechnical activities can be distinguished using reflectance data and (2) establish if re-charring (i.e. use of charcoal fuel) can be recognised in the archaeological record through analysis of laboratory-produced re-charred charcoals and charcoals from an experimental iron smelt and traditional bronze casting which utilised charcoal fuel. Reflectance frequency data from assemblages representing burning of charcoal, in this case of iron smelting and bronze casting, indicates temperatures from above the mean value of charcoal production (>475°C) up to the maximum temperature reached in the subsequent process (i.e. >475 to >1,100°C). In contrast, wildfire charcoals showed a range of values including material with barely measurable reflectance (minimum values from 0.06% to 0.56%Ro) to maximum reflectance values varying from 1.65%Ro (Tilford) to 3.8%Ro (Zacca). The mean wildfire reflectance indicated temperatures in the range 325-400°C, which can therefore clearly be distinguished from that of the charcoal burning processes. The laboratory-produced re-charred charcoals take on the reflectance value of the highest temperatures experienced; reflectance values were not constrained by the original temperature of formation. High temperatures are most easily achievable by the burning of charcoal fuel, and hence high reflectance charcoals are likely to represent re-charred charcoal. Therefore, this quantitative reflectance method can be used in archaeology to determine the minimum temperature of formation of charcoals in anthropological processes which involve fire, can indicate the likelihood of use of charcoal or wood as fuel and can distinguish between an assemblage of high temperature anthropogenic charcoals and charcoals formed from natural wildfire.

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Section: Laboratory-charred Charcoals and Re-charring Experimentssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Reflectance Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages

McParland

Collinson

Scott

et al. 2009

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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“…Kollmann & Sachs 1967;McGinnes et al 1971;Beall et al 1974;Correia et al 1974;Slocum et al 1978;Prior & Alvin 1983;Scott 1989;Jones et al 1991;Scott & Jones 1991a;b;Prior & Gasson 1993;Guo & Bustin 1998;Bustin & Guo 1999;Erçin & Yürum 2003;Gerards & Gerrienne 2004;Gerards et al 2007;Scott & Glasspool 2005 Table S2 in supplementary material. Poole 2008; Kwon et al 2009;Gonçalves et al 2012;Muñiz et al 2012a;b;Nisgoski et al 2014;Afonso et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of wood anatomical characters of selected species of Araucaria- during artificial charring - implications for palaeontology

et al. 2017

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Charcoal is widely accepted as evidence of the occurrence of palaeo-wildfi re. Although fossil charcoal remains have been used in many studies, investigation into the anatomical changes occurring during charring are few. Th e present study analyses changes in selected anatomical characters during artifi cial charring of modern wood of three species of the genus Araucaria (i.e. Araucaria angustifolia, Araucaria bidwillii and Araucaria columnaris). Wood samples of the studied species were charred under controlled conditions at varying temperatures. Measurements of anatomical features of uncharred wood and artifi cial charcoal were statistically analysed. Th e anatomical changes were statistically correlated with charring temperatures and most of the parameters showed marked decreases with increasing charring temperature. Compared to the intrinsic variability in anatomical features, both within and between growth rings of an individual plant, the changes induced by temperature account only for a comparatively small percentage of the observed variability. Regarding Araucaria charcoal, it seems possible that at least general taxonomic and palaeoenvironmental implications can be drawn from such material. However, it is not clear so far whether these results and interpretations based on only three taxa, can be generalized for the entire family and anatomically similar fossil taxa or not.

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“…While not arguing the fire pathway from woody and herbaceous tissue to the inertinite macerals fusinite and semifusinite (Bustin and Guo, 1999;Demchuk, 1993;Guo and Bustin, 1998;Hudspith et al, 2012;Marynowski et al, 2011;McParland et al, 2007;Petersen, 1998;Scott, 1989Scott, , 2000Scott, , 2002Scott and Glasspool, 2005, 2006Scott and Jones, 1994;Scott et al, 2000;Winston, 1993), and including the (likely) similar transformation of resins and corpohuminite precursors to secretinite (Hower et al, 2008a,b;Lyons et al, 1986), it must be recognized that some of the macerals classified as inertinite do not have an origin within the plant kingdom. The inertinite maceral funginite is produced by fungi, and macrinite is the result of severe alteration by non-plant entities (fungi, bacteria, and animals [Hower et al, , 2011b).…”

Section: Inertinitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fusinite is accepted to be a brightlyreflecting fire-derived maceral (Bustin and Guo, 1999;Guo and Bustin, 1998;Scott, 1989Scott, , 2002Scott and Glasspool, 2007). Fusinite appears white under reflected light and generally has reflectance values higher than 6% R r (ICCP, 2001).…”

Section: Fusinite and Semifusinitementioning

confidence: 99%

On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type

O’Keefe

Bechtel

Christanis

et al. 2013

International Journal of Coal Geology

298

104

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Abrupt changes (jumps) in reflectance values and chemical compositions of artificial charcoals and inertinite in coals

Cited by 197 publications

References 12 publications

The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages

The use of reflectance values for the interpretation of natural and anthropogenic charcoal assemblages

Changes of wood anatomical characters of selected species of Araucaria- during artificial charring - implications for palaeontology

On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type

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