Absence of bony patella in the white‐eared opossum (<i>Didelphis albiventris</i>): Morphology and diagnostic imaging

Inamassu, Letícia Rocha; Mamprim, Maria Jaqueline; Dadalto, Carmel Rezende; Cavaletti, F. C.; Mello, Mls; Schimming, Bruno César

doi:10.1111/ahe.12316

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Holmgren, ), despite their key taxonomic placement within Mammalia. Studies on sesamoids are also scarce for Marsupialia, with the exception of the fibrocartilage ‘patelloid’ (Holladay et al, ; Reese et al, ; Inamassu et al, ).…”

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mammalian sesamoids that have been the subject of research by anatomists include the patella (e.g. Carey et al, ; Barnett & Lewis, ; Jungers et al, ; Holladay et al, ; Smith et al, ; Bland & Ashhurst, ; Clark & Stechschulte, ; Reese et al, ; Eyal et al, , a ; Inamassu et al, ; reviewed in Samuels et al, ), the radial sesamoid or ‘prepollex’ (see Section VI; e.g. Wood‐Jones, ; Le Minor, ; Endo et al, ; Sánchez‐Villagra & Menke, ; Antón et al, ; Salesa et al, ; Hutchinson et al, ; Mitgutsch et al, ; Abella et al, , ), the cyamella (located in the tendon of the m. popliteus) and fabellae (located in the tendon of the m. gastrocnemius) (e.g.…”

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

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Along with supernumerary bones, sesamoids, defined as any organized intratendinous/intraligamentous structure, including those composed of fibrocartilage, adjacent to an articulation or joint, have been frequently considered as enigmatic structures associated with the joints of the skeletal system of vertebrates. This review allows us to propose a dynamic model to account for part of skeletal phenotypic diversity: during evolution, sesamoids can become displaced, attaching to and detaching from the long bone epiphyses and diaphysis. Epiphyses, apophyses and detached sesamoids are able to transform into each other, contributing to the phenotypic variability of the tetrapod skeleton. This dynamic model is a new paradigm to delineate the contribution of sesamoids to skeletal diversity. Herein, we first present a historical approach to the study of sesamoids, discussing the genetic versus epigenetic theories of their genesis and growth. Second, we construct a dynamic model. Third, we present a summary of literature on sesamoids of the main groups of tetrapods, including veterinary and human clinical contributions, which are the best-studied aspects of sesamoids in recent decades. Finally, we discuss the identity of certain structures that have been labelled as sesamoids despite insufficient formal testing of homology. We also propose a new definition to help the identification of sesamoids in general. This review is particularly timely, given the recent increasing interest and research activity into the developmental biology and mechanics of sesamoids. With this updated and integrative discussion, we hope to pave the way to improve the understanding of sesamoid biology and evolution.

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Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

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“…Although many aspects of knee morphology are conserved across Tetrapoda, the structure of the patella shows a notable variation. Anurans, some lizards and birds, and most marsupial mammals have a patella that is composed of fibrocartilage rather than bone (Holladay et al, 1990;Reese et al, 2001;Regnault et al, 2014;Samuels et al, 2017;Abdala et al, 2017;Inamassu et al, 2017). Within crown Mammalia, a bony patella likely evolved between four to six times, and within Eutheria, the bony patella had been lost in three independent lineages: Cetacea (represented by Tursiops truncatus), Sirenia (represented by Trichechus manatus), and Chiroptera (represented by Pteropus) (Samuels et al, 2017).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

Amador

Abdala

Giannini

et al. 2018

American Museum Novitates

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Sesamoids are skeletal elements found within a tendon or ligament as it passes around a joint or bony prominence. Here we review the distribution of sesamoids in bats, the only mammals capable of powered flight. Our survey included bat species representing most extant families as well as two key Eocene fossil bats in which sesamoids are exquisitely preserved, Onychonycteris finneyi and Icaronycteris index. We identified 46 separate sesamoid elements (or sets of elements) from dissections of selected bat taxa, with no more than 23 of these present in any given species. Among the sesamoids identified in our survey, 12 have not previously been described in bats. We also identified seven sesamoids previously described in the literature that are not present in our sample of species. No sesamoids were found to be exclusive to the fossil taxa in our study; all the sesamoids observed in Onychonycteris and Icaronycteris have apparent homologs among extant species. We mapped the presence/absence of the 46 sesamoids onto a bat phylogeny. Based on these optimizations, we discuss homology issues and evolutionary history of some of the most taxonomically widespread sesamoids. Functional inferences regarding some sesamoids can be made based on what is known about bat musculoskeletal morphology, although further biomechanical studies are required to test the hypotheses proposed here. Sesamoids will continue to be a source of interesting insights about the evolution of bats and their unique locomotor abilities.

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“…many possums) have been poorly characterised. It is often broadly generalised that all marsupials, besides bandicoots and the bilby, possess a fibrocartilage patelloid instead of a bony patella (Reese et al, 2001;Vogelnest & Allan, 2015;Inamassu et al, 2017). Earlier anatomical reports relied on direct observation to diagnose the presence of a bony patella (Waterhouse, 1846;Osgood, 1921;Finch et al, 1989;Haxton, 1944;Johnson & Walton, 1989), but more recent studies have enabled better characteristation of patellar state through radiography, histology and computed tomography (CT) (Holladay et al, 1990;Reese et al, 2001;Inamassu et al, 2017;Vogelnest & Allan, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals (v0.1)"

2020

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The musculoskeletal system of marsupial mammals has numerous unusual features beyond the pouch and epipubic bones. One example is the widespread absence or reduction (to a fibrous "patelloid") of the patella ("kneecap") sesamoid bone, but prior studies with coarse sampling indicated complex patterns of evolution of this absence or reduction. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the form of the patella of extant marsupial species and used the assembled dataset to reconstruct the likely pattern of evolution of the marsupial patella. Critical assessment of the available literature was followed by examination and imaging of museum specimens, as well as CT scanning and histological examination of dissected wet specimens. Our results, from sampling about 19% of extant marsupial species-level diversity, include new images and descriptions of the fibrocartilaginous patelloid in Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine or "marsupial wolf") and other marsupials as well as the ossified patella in Notoryctes 'marsupial moles', Caenolestes shrew opossums, bandicoots and bilbies. We found novel evidence of an ossified patella in one specimen of Macropus rufogriseus (Bennett's wallaby), with hints of similar variation in other species. It remains uncertain whether such ossifications are ontogenetic variation, unusual individual variation, pathological or otherwise, but future studies must continue to be conscious of variation in metatherian patellar sesamoid morphology. Our evolutionary reconstructions using our assembled data vary, too, depending on the reconstruction algorithm used. A maximum likelihood algorithm favours ancestral fibrocartilaginous "patelloid" for crown clade Marsupialia and independent origins of ossified patellae in extinct sparassodonts, peramelids, notoryctids and caenolestids. A maximum parsimony algorithm favours ancestral ossified patella for the clade [Marsupialia + sparassodonts] and subsequent reductions into fibrocartilage in didelphids, dasyuromorphs and diprotodonts; but this result changed to agree more with the maximum likelihood results if the character state reconstructions were ordered. Thus, there is substantial homoplasy in marsupial patellae regardless of the evolutionary

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Absence of bony patella in the white‐eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris): Morphology and diagnostic imaging

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

Peer Review #1 of "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals (v0.1)"

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