Absence of Excess Intra-Individual Variability in Retinal Function in People With Schizophrenia

Fradkin, Samantha I.; Erickson, Molly; Demmin, Docia; Silverstein, Steven M.

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543963

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The ERG is increasingly being used to distinguish between psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia from bipolar disorder, and to investigate the effects of drug treatment in conditions such as depression [ 36 – 41 ]. In children and adults with ASD, reduced ERG b-wave amplitudes, compared to those of typical controls, have been observed under both dark-adapted (DA) and LA conditions and are considered to reflect an imbalance in glutamate and GABA signalling [ 42 – 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electroretinogram b-wave amplitude: a differential physiological measure for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Lee

Skuse

Constable

et al. 2022

J Neurodevelop Disord

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Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. It shares some genetic risk with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and the conditions often occur together. Both are potentially associated with abnormal glutamate and GABA neurotransmission, which can be modelled by measuring the synaptic activity in the retina with an electroretinogram (ERG). Reduction of retinal responses in ASD has been reported, but little is known about retinal activity in ADHD. In this study, we compared the light-adapted ERGs of individuals with ADHD, ASD and controls to investigate whether retinal responses differ between these neurodevelopmental conditions. Methods Full field light-adapted ERGs were recorded from 15 ADHD, 57 ASD (without ADHD) and 59 control participants, aged from 5.4 to 27.3 years old. A Troland protocol was used with a random series of nine flash strengths from −0.367 to 1.204 log photopic cd.s.m−2. The time-to-peak and amplitude of the a- and b-waves and the parameters of the Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) were compared amongst the three groups of participants, using generalised estimating equations. Results Statistically significant elevations of the ERG b-wave amplitudes, PhNR responses and faster timings of the b-wave time-to-peak were found in those with ADHD compared with both the control and ASD groups. The greatest elevation in the b-wave amplitudes associated with ADHD were observed at 1.204 log phot cd.s.m−2 flash strength (p < .0001), at which the b-wave amplitude in ASD was significantly lower than that in the controls. Using this measure, ADHD could be distinguished from ASD with an area under the curve of 0.88. Conclusions The ERG b-wave amplitude appears to be a distinctive differential feature for both ADHD and ASD, which produced a reversed pattern of b-wave responses. These findings imply imbalances between glutamate and GABA neurotransmission which primarily regulate the b-wave formation. Abnormalities in the b-wave amplitude could provisionally serve as a biomarker for both neurodevelopmental conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electroretinogram b-wave amplitude: a differential physiological measure for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Lee

Skuse

Constable

et al. 2022

J Neurodevelop Disord

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“…Since then, various investigations have shown that the RhNR, obtained via ERG, seems promising in terms of detecting glaucoma [37], even for the assessment of different stages of optic neuropathy [32] or in eyes with diagnostic dilemmas [27]. The RETeval device has also been used for other optic nerve disorders [38] (such as optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and dominant optic atrophy), diabetic retinopathy [39][40][41], and retinal vein occlusions [42,43] as well as for chronic brain disorders, such as schizophrenia [44,45]. Studies have also been conducted on healthy pediatric populations in order to establish normative electroretinogram values [46,47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-Aided Discrimination of Glaucoma Patients from Healthy Subjects Using the RETeval Portable Device

Bekollari,

Dettoraki,

Stavrou

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive eye disease affecting the optic nerve, which may cause visual damage and blindness. In this study, we present a machine-learning investigation to classify patients with glaucoma (case group) with respect to normal participants (control group). We examined 172 eyes at the Ophthalmology Clinic of the “Elpis” General Hospital of Athens between October 2022 and September 2023. In addition, we investigated the glaucoma classification in terms of the following: (a) eye selection and (b) gender. Our methodology was based on the features extracted via two diagnostic optical systems: (i) conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and (ii) a modern RETeval portable device. The machine-learning approach comprised three different classifiers: the Bayesian, the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and Support Vectors Machines (SVMs). For all cases examined, classification accuracy was found to be significantly higher when using the RETeval device with respect to the OCT system, as follows: 14.7% for all participants, 13.4% and 29.3% for eye selection (right and left, respectively), and 25.6% and 22.6% for gender (male and female, respectively). The most efficient classifier was found to be the SVM compared to the PNN and Bayesian classifiers. In summary, all aforementioned comparisons demonstrate that the RETeval device has the advantage over the OCT system for the classification of glaucoma patients by using the machine-learning approach.

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“…18,19 Our choice of the tasks is based on a significant body of research showing that assessment of movement, behaviour and cognitive function allows to accurately differentiate between people with schizophrenia and general population. 18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] In particular, motor and executive functions 18,30 as well as eye movements 24,27 were shown to hold promising diagnostic potential. In addition, deficits in motor coordination were recently shown to be markers of long-term clinical outcomes, 31 while performance in TMT was shown to differ in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis who transitioned from those who did not transition to psychosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital behavioural tests as diagnostic aid for psychosis

Słowiński

White

Lison

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Timely interventions have a proven benefit for people experiencing psychotic illness. One bottleneck to accessing timely interventions is the referral process to the specialist team for early psychosis (STEP). Many general practitioners lack awareness or confidence in recognising psychotic symptoms or state. Additionally, referrals for people without apparent psychotic symptoms, although beneficial at a population level, lead to excessive workload for STEPs. There is a clear unmet need for accurate stratification of STEPs users and healthy cohorts that this study aimed to investigate by applying digital behavioural tests. Methods: To discriminate between the STEPs users (SU; n=32) and controls (n=32, age and sex matched), we employed naive Bayes classifier, and applied it to objective, quantitative and interpretable features of a "mirror game" (MG) and trail making task (TMT). The MG is a movement coordination task shown to be a potential socio-motor biomarker of schizophrenia, while TMT is a neuropsychiatric test of cognitive function. Findings: The proposed classifier shows an excellent performance, AUC = 0.92 (95%CI 0.75-1), Sensitivity = 0.88 (95%CI 0.62-1), Specificity = 1 (95%CI 0.75-1), evaluated on 25% hold-out and 1000 folds. The study demonstrates that cheap off-the-shelf equipment (laptop computer and a leap motion sensor) records clinically relevant behavioural data sufficiently. We also find that MG and TMT are unsuitable in isolation to successfully differentiate between SU with and without at-risk-mental-state or first episode psychosis with sufficient level of performance. Interpretation: Including digital behavioural tests into healthcare practice could allow improvements in care for people at risk of developing psychotic illness. Our findings show that introduction of standardised battery of digital behavioural tests would benefit both clinical and research practice. It would allow standardization of referrals, while the high specificity of digital behavioural tests would benefit research on prognostic instruments for psychosis by enriching and homogenising clinical high-risk populations. Here we demonstrate that digital behavioural tests can be successfully used and could help to address this need. Funding: EPSRC Impact Acceleration Account, Impact & Knowledge Exchange Award, Jean Golding Institute seed corn, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust Research Capability Funding. PS was generously supported by the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Award 204909/Z/16/Z. KTA gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the EPSRC via grant EP/T017856/1.

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Absence of Excess Intra-Individual Variability in Retinal Function in People With Schizophrenia

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

The electroretinogram b-wave amplitude: a differential physiological measure for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The electroretinogram b-wave amplitude: a differential physiological measure for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Computer-Aided Discrimination of Glaucoma Patients from Healthy Subjects Using the RETeval Portable Device

Digital behavioural tests as diagnostic aid for psychosis

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