The synthesis of
9,9-difluoro-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one
(F2CBI), a difluorocyclopropane analog of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin alkylation subunits
which represents the first such agent containing
substitution of the reactive center in the natural products, is
detailed. The core structure of F2CBI was
prepared by
an intramolecular metal carbenoid insertion reaction into a
1,1-difluoroalkene (74%) employing a
p-quinonediazide,
and its incorporation into F2CBI-TMI (24)
provided a key analog of the duocarmycins. A study of the
solvolysis of
N-BOC-F2CBI (19) revealed that
introduction of the difluorocyclopropane substitution increased the
reactivity 500×
without altering the inherent regioselectivity which occurred with
nucleophilic addition to the difluoro substituted
C9 cyclopropane carbon. A single-crystal X-ray structure analysis
of 17 and its comparison with the X-ray
structures
of CBI and related agents beautifully reveal the structural origin of
the difluoro substitution effects on the reactivity
and regioselectivity of the cyclopropane cleavage reaction. The
cyclopropane C−CF2−C bond angle is
expanded,
and the carbon−carbon bond opposite the difluoro substitution is
lengthened to accommodate the preferentially
compressed exocyclic F−C−F bond angle introducing additional strain
energy. Consistent with this increased reactivity
and following trends established to date, the agents were found to be
500−1000× less cytotoxic than the corresponding
CBI derivative lacking the difluorocyclopropane substitution.
Similarly, the gem difluoro substitution had no
perceptible effect on the DNA alkylation selectivity of the agents, and
they were found to undergo the characteristic
adenine N3 addition to the C9 cyclopropane carbon but did so with a
reduced (675−725×) efficiency following the
cytotoxicity and stability correlations.