Absolute Rates of Solid Reactions: Diffusion.

Stearn, Allen E.; Eyring, Henry

doi:10.1021/j150404a001

Cited by 82 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Whereas the general equation applies to the case of cationic entry into a fixed anionic system, as well as to the case of anionic entry into a fixed cationic system, for simplicity we shall confine our attention to cationic entry into a fixed anionic system (see reference 6, chapter 11). The following equations were derived on the basis of the "Theory of Absolute Reaction Rate" (34-37) as applied to diffusion (34,(38)(39)(40)). In the case of the saltatory migration,…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Ionic Permeability of Muscle Cells and their Models

Ling¹,

Ochsenfeld²

1965

Biophysical Journal

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We studied the effect an alkali-metal ion exercised on the rate of entry of another alkali-metal ion into frog sartorius muscle cells and their models (i.e., ion exchange resin and sheep's wool). In the case of frog muscle, it was shown that the interaction fell into one of four categories; competition, facilitation, and two types of indifference. The observed pK value (4.6 to 4.7) of the surface anionic groups that combine with the alkali-metal ions suggests that they are beta- or gamma-carboxyl groups of proteins on the cell surface. The results were compared with four theoretical models which included three membrane models (continuous lipoid membrane with carrier; leaky membrane with carrier; membrane with fixed ionic sites) and one bulk-phase model. This comparison led to the conclusion that the only model that is self-consistent and agrees with all of the experimental facts is the one based on the concept that the entire living cell represents a proteinaceous fixed-charge system; this model correctly predicts all four types of interaction observed.

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Ionic Permeability of Muscle Cells and their Models

Ling¹,

Ochsenfeld²

1965

Biophysical Journal

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“…Stearn and Eyring (9) have shown that the migration of ions in solids in an electric field can be represented by the absolute reaction rate theory (6). The observed ionic currents are the resultant of the movement of the ions in the direction of the applied field and the backward diffusion of ions because of the concentration gradient thus established.…”

Section: Theoreticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical resistivity of polymers

Warfield¹,

Petree²

1961

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Measurements of the temperatwe dependence of volume resistivity of a variety of polymers are used to elucidate polymer structure and the mechanism of electrical conduction ne of the more important measurements made by 0 those investigating high polymers is that of the magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical volume resistivity. Such data can be used to calculate the activation energy, E,, for the electrical conduction process in the polymer and to estimate the extent of polymerization. The magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity (or conductivity) of a polymer is a function of the molecular structure of the polymer, the nature and number of the current carriers, and the temperature. Resistivity determinations have been used for many years by physicists in studying the structure of both elements and inorganic compounds (1), and more recently they have been applied to solid organic compounds ( 2 ) . However, the use of this measurement on high polymers has not been widespread. A number of years ago studies by Fuoss (3) and by Baker and Yager (4) utilized the temperature dependence of the resistivity as an aid in studying the molecular structure of polymers. Following their work, use of the technique has slowly become more widespread. However, the literature still does not contain any significant amount of accurate data on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivities of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Such information is of great importance not only in technological applications of these materials but also in theoretical investigations. The values reported here and the experimental technique are of interest to those considering the possibility of employing modified polymers (5) as organic semiconductors. These data could also serve as an index for the characterization of polymers. In addition to the experimental work and data reported here, the available literature values for the temperature dependence of the resistivity of various polymers are also included. TheoreticalThe theoretical basis for calculating the activation energy, E,, of the electrical conduction process has been developed by Glasstone, Laidler, and Eyring ( 6 ) who have shown that the concepts used in chemical kinetic 80 studies can be successfully applied to physical processes. The change in the electrical resistivity of a polymer with temperature can be considered to be a rate process similar to those encountered in chemical kinetic studies and the same equations can be applied to both chemical and physical rate processes.Equation ( 1 ) is used to calculate the activation energy for the conduction process.where p is the resistivity, A, is a temperature independent constant, R is the molar gas constant 1.987 cal/degmole, T is the absolute temperature, and E, is the activation energy for the conduction process. Many investigators have studied the electrical conduction process in high polymers, (3, 7) and the evidence is that conduction is an ionic process. Ions stem from t...

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“…In the absence of an applied field the interstitial ions in the silicate structure have a random motion which becomes predominantly in the direction of an electric field when such a field is applied to the system. Suppose a unit applied potential gradient has an " effective " potential gradient of X for an interstitial cation, then the transition state theory gives for the rate 16 where 8G = Xzed cos 4, d is half the distance between the initial and final states along the reaction co-ordinate, 4 the angle the path of the ion makes with the direction of the field, and ze the charge on the ion per g ion.…”

Section: Application Of the Transition State Theory Of Absolute React...mentioning

confidence: 99%