Absorption and metabolism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in the small intestine of rats

Abstract

The absorption and metabolism in the small intestine of chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), the main phenolic acid in the human diet, and of caffeic acid were studied in rats in order to determine whether chlorogenic acid is directly absorbed or hydrolysed in the small intestine. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids were perfused into a segment of ileum plus jejunum during 45 min (50 microm, 0.75 ml/min) using an in situ intestinal perfusion rat model with cannulation of the biliary duct, and were quantified together with their metabolites in perfusion effluent, bile and plasma. The net absorption (influent flux minus effluent flux of phenolic acids and their metabolites) accounted for 19.5 % and 8 % of the perfused caffeic and chlorogenic acids, respectively. A minor fraction of the perfused caffeic acid was metabolized in the intestinal wall and secreted back into the gut lumen in the form of ferulic acid (0.5 % of the perfused flux). Part of the chlorogenic acid (1.2 % of the perfused flux) was recovered in the gut effluent as caffeic acid, showing the presence of trace esterase activity in the gut mucosa. No chlorogenic acid was detected in either plasma or bile, and only low amounts of phenolic acids (less than 0.4 %) were secreted in the bile. The present results show that chlorogenic acid is absorbed and hydrolysed in the small intestine. In contrast to numerous flavonoids, absorbed phenolic acids are poorly excreted in the bile or gut lumen. Their bioavailability therefore appears to be governed largely by their uptake into the gut mucosa.

Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish

“…Chlorogenic acid is absorbed intact in the rat (Gonthier et al, 2002;Lafay et al, 2007), human (Olthof et al, 2001) and in mice absorption occurs in the stomach (Lafay et al, 2006) and in all cases it is detectable in plasma and urine. Chlorogenic acid in the distal aspects of the GIT from the small intestine downwards is mainly hydrolysed by the gut microflora into the constituent components which possess highly variable bioavailabilities (Gonthier et al, 2002;Lafay et al, 2007).…”

“…Chlorogenic acid in the distal aspects of the GIT from the small intestine downwards is mainly hydrolysed by the gut microflora into the constituent components which possess highly variable bioavailabilities (Gonthier et al, 2002;Lafay et al, 2007).…”

Transport and Metabolism of Ferulic Acid through the Colonic Epithelium

“…These cinnamoyl esterases are located mainly in the lumen of the large intestine (of microbial origin), with only small amounts in the small intestine mucosa and possibly in pancreatic secretions (Andreasen et al, 2001). In addition, ferulic acid is a metabolite of caffeic acid and is secreted back into the lumen by intestinal cells after methylation of caffeic acid by catechol-O-methyltransferase as shown by caffeic acid perfusion of rat small intestine (Lafay et al, 2006). As caffeic acid can also be released by microbial esterase activity on 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) by cleavage of the quinic acid moiety (Plumb et al, 1999), ferulic acid could also be available in the colon after ingestion of any source of chlorogenic acid.…”

Investigation of the profile of phenolic compounds in the leaves and stems of Pandiaka heudelotii using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector

“…Chlorogenic acid reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, and exhibits many biological properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulatory, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive activities (Cho et al, 2010;Farah, 2012;Lafay, Morand, Manach, Besson, & Scalbert, 2006;Li, Habasi, Xie, & Aisa, 2014;Meng, Cao, Feng, Peng, & Hu, 2013;Zhao, Wang, Ballevre, Luo, & Zhang, 2011). Caffeic acid increases collagen production, in addition to having antiaging, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and photo-protective properties (Dhingra & Chhillar, 2012;Gugliucci, Bastos, Schulze, & Souza, 2009;Magnani, Isaac, Correa, & Salgado, 2014;Oksana et al, 2012).…”