Absorption Cross-Section Measurements of a Human Model in a Reverberation Chamber

Senić, Damir; Šarolić, Antonio; Jóskiewicz, Z.; Holloway, Christopher L.

doi:10.1109/temc.2016.2522949

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In our measurements the non-stochastic contributions to the ACS have been minimized to give an accurate determination of the average ACS . Senic et al (2013) measured the ACS of a single subject of mass 72.5 kg and height 1.79 m over 0.2-8 GHz with an estimated statistical error of about 13%, however their subject was grounded so the results are not directly comparable: the average ACS of their grounded subject is typically to the most closely matched (in mass) male subjects from our study. Data for both the heterogeneous (mass 72.24 kg) and homogeneous (mass 68.55 kg) male phantoms are shown using both un-weighted biased and weighted unbiased averages as described in the text.…”

Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Other measurements using reverberant techniques at frequencies up to 4 GHz have been presented by Bamba et al (2012), Wang et al (2012), Harima (2012) and Senic et al (2013). Values averaged over a very broad range of 3-8 GHz have been obtained by Andersen et al (2012).…”

Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far this approach has mainly been applied to in-situ estimation of average absorption (Andersen et al 2012, Bamba et al 2013. The only precise laboratory based average ACS measurement studies we are aware of are by Wang et al (2012) and Senic et al (2013). Wang et al (2012) measured only three spot frequencies and a single volunteer and Senic et al (2013) considered a single grounded subject over a large range of 0.2-8 GHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Average absorption cross-section of the human body measured at 1–12 GHz in a reverberant chamber: results of a human volunteer study

et al. 2014

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The electromagnetic absorption cross-section (ACS) averaged over polarization and angle-of-incidence of 60 ungrounded adult subjects was measured at microwave frequencies of 1-12 GHz in a reverberation chamber. Average ACS is important in non-ionizing dosimetry and exposure studies, and is closely related to the whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (WBSAR). The average ACS was measured with a statistical uncertainty of less than 3% and high frequency resolution for individuals with a range of body shapes and sizes allowing the statistical distribution of WBSAR over a real population with individual internal and external morphologies to be determined. The average ACS of all subjects was found to vary from 0.15 to 0.4 m(2); for an individual subject it falls with frequency over 1-6 GHz, and then rises slowly over the 6-12 GHz range in which few other studies have been conducted. Average ACS and WBSAR are then used as a surrogate for worst-case ACS/WBSAR, in order to study their variability across a real population compared to literature results from simulations using numerical phantoms with a limited range of anatomies. Correlations with body morphological parameters such as height, mass and waist circumference have been investigated: the strongest correlation is with body surface area (BSA) at all frequencies above 1 GHz, however direct proportionality to BSA is not established until above 5 GHz. When the average ACS is normalized to the BSA, the resulting absorption efficiency shows a negative correlation with the estimated thickness of subcutaneous body fat. Surrogate models and statistical analysis of the measurement data are presented and compared to similar models from the literature. The overall dispersion of measured average WBSAR of the sample of the UK population studied is consistent with the dispersion of simulated worst-case WBSAR across multiple numerical phantom families. The statistical results obtained allow the calibration of human exposure assessments made with particular phantoms to a population with a range of individual morphologies.

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Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Comparison and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Average absorption cross-section of the human body measured at 1–12 GHz in a reverberant chamber: results of a human volunteer study

et al. 2014

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“…Bamba et al determined the ACS from the power delay profile (PDP) which, does not require knowledge of the antenna radiation efficiency, but the measurement was only performed on one subject at a single frequency [2]. The wideband measurement of human body has been performed by Senić from 1 GHz to 8 GHz, but also on one subject [7], [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Study on Human Body Absorption Cross Section in a Reverberation Chamber From 1 GHz to 16 GHz

Zhang

Robinson

Flintoft

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

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The human body absorption cross section (ACS) is important in non-ionizing radiation dosimetry, but it is always hard to accurately evaluate the ACS of an individual from his or her morphological parameters, such as height and weight. To obtain an empirical formula that can evaluate the ACS from morphological parameters, 48 subjects with different morphological parameters were measured from 1 GHz to 16 GHz in a reverberation chamber. The ACS was extracted from the power delay profile (PDP). This has the advantage of not requiring antenna radiation efficiency, and it has not been used in a wide-band group study like this before. The accuracy of the ACS measurement is demonstrated by comparision with the ACS of a spherical model with known structure and material, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the sphere measurement is just 3.4%. Statistical analsysis shows that the body surface area (BSA) has the strongest correlation with the ACS amongst all the morphological parameters, therefore we present a new empirical ACS formula as a function of BSA and frequency. This will be of interest to those considering dosimetry, and in computing the effect of human body absorption on radio propagation in vehicles and other structures.

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Improvement of SAR Accuracy by Combining Two SAR Quantification Methods for Small Animals in Reverberation Chamber Above 10 GHz

et al. 2020

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Two measurement-based methods are presented to quantify the whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate (WBA-SAR) and local SAR for small animals in a medium-size reverberation chamber (RC) for a bio-effect experiment at frequencies above 10 GHz. S-parameter-based method is a totally experimental approach to quantify the WBA-SAR in small animals based on measuring the mean power density and loss power expressed by S-parameters. Two-step method is a measurement-simulation hybrid approach, which links the mean power density to the finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculated WBA-SAR and local SAR in specified organs. However, at a frequency as high as 10 GHz, the RC is usually not ideal because loss on the RC walls is not negligible. In addition, a numerical-only approach is also unrealistic to quantify the SAR because of the heavy calculation burden and difficulty in obtaining converged results. To address this issue, we proposed an improved two-step hybrid method. The method uses the S-parameter-based method to derive the mean power density by matching its WBA-SAR to that of the two-step hybrid method, and then calculate the local SAR in anatomical numerical animal models using the two-step hybrid method under this mean power density. In such a way, in addition to the advantage of obtaining local SAR, the two-step hybrid method has significantly improved its accuracy of SAR quantification.INDEX TERMS Reverberation chamber, exposure setup, dosimetry, bio-effect.

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Absorption Cross-Section Measurements of a Human Model in a Reverberation Chamber

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Average absorption cross-section of the human body measured at 1–12 GHz in a reverberant chamber: results of a human volunteer study

Average absorption cross-section of the human body measured at 1–12 GHz in a reverberant chamber: results of a human volunteer study

Morphological Study on Human Body Absorption Cross Section in a Reverberation Chamber From 1 GHz to 16 GHz

Improvement of SAR Accuracy by Combining Two SAR Quantification Methods for Small Animals in Reverberation Chamber Above 10 GHz

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