Absorption, Diffusion, Distribution, and Elimination of Ethanol: Effects on Biological Membranes

Kalant, H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6525-3_1

Cited by 120 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…This comes as no surprise since it has been previously shown that the first members of an homologous series behave differently from the rest, not only in terms of their physiological action (43) but even in terms of their physical properties (32,36). This difference might rely on the higher chemical reactivity of the lower members which could predominate over a purely physical effect.…”

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confidence: 94%

Thresholds for odor and nasal pungency

Cometto‐Muñiz

Cain

1990

Physiology & Behavior

175

137

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Detection thresholds were measured repeatedly for 11 chemicals in normosmic and anosmic subjects. The stimuli comprised the first eight members of the series of naliphatic alcohols, phenyl ethyl alcohol, pyridine, and menthol. Results showed that anosmics could detect, via pungency, all but phenyl ethyl alcohol reliably. In the aliphatic series, both odor and pungency thresholds declined with chain length in a way that implied dependence of both in part on phase distribution in the mucosa. Odor thresholds, however, declined more rapidly than pungency thresholds: the ratio of anosmics threshold/normosmics threshold increased from 23 for methanol to 10,000 for 1-octanol. The outcome of a scaling experiment employing normosmic subjects indicated that, with the exception of methanol and ethanol, pungency arose when perceived intensity reached a narrowly tuned criterion level. When thresholds were expressed as percentages of saturated vapor -an index of thermodynamic activity -thereby accounting for differences in solubility and in phase distribution in the mucosa among the various stimuli, both odor and pungency thresholds depicted a striking constancy across stimuli.

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confidence: 94%

Thresholds for odor and nasal pungency

Cometto‐Muñiz

Cain

1990

Physiology & Behavior

175

137

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“…The slopes of these regression lines were 67 mg/dl/hr for juveniles and 66 mg/dl/hr for adults indicating there was no significant difference in the rate of decrease of BEC. However, accounting for the differences in mass and ethanol distribution (Widmark's formula; Kalant, 1971), the corrected ethanol elimination rates were significantly higher (p<0.01) for juveniles (587 mg/kg/hr) than adults (416 mg/kg/hr).…”

Section: Ethanol Elimination Rates and Recovery From Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

Chung

Wang

Wehman

et al. 2008

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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To investigate alcohol dependency and the potential role of age of initial alcohol consumption, Long-Evans (LE) rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet starting at postnatal (P) ages (days): P23-27 (juvenile), P35-45 (adolescent) or P65-97 (young adult). Severity of subsequent withdrawal symptoms was dependent on age when consumption began and on duration of alcohol consumption. Frequency of withdrawal seizures was highest for rats starting consumption as juveniles, intermediate for adolescents and lowest for adults. Normalized to body weight, alcohol consumption was significantly higher for adolescent and juvenile rats than for adults. SpragueDawley rats that began alcohol consumption as adolescents (P35) had a level of alcohol consumption identical to that of the adolescent LE rats but showed much lower frequency of withdrawal seizures when tested after 2, 3 and 5 weeks of alcohol consumption. Based on several indicators, the capacity of the juveniles to metabolize ethanol is equal to or exceeds that of adults. Recoveries from a single dose of ethanol (2.5g ethanol/kg body weight) were faster for juvenile LE rats than adults. The rate of decline in blood ethanol concentration was identical for juvenile and adult rats while the corrected ethanol elimination rate was higher for juveniles. The primary isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in rat liver, ADH-3, had a similar Km and higher activity in liver preparations from juveniles. In conclusion, LE rats beginning alcohol consumption as juveniles or adolescents develop a severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome that may not be attributed entirely to higher levels of consumption and was not explained by any obvious deficiencies in metabolism.

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“…Early human studies on the kinetics of alcohol metabolism assayed blood or breath, and observed that the time course of alcohol uptake and elimination varies with many factors, most notably, dose per body composition and mass, sex, type, and recency of food eaten (Erickson, 1976;Grant et al, 2000;Kalant, 1971;Li et al, 2000;O'Connor et al, 1998;Tabakoff and Hoffman, 1996;Widmark, 1981Widmark, (originally published 1932). More recently, genetic factors have been suggested as determinants in alcohol clearance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Quantification of Ethanol Kinetics in Rat Brain

Adalsteinsson

Sullivan

Mayer

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used at 3T to measure the uptake and clearance of brain ethanol in rats after bolus intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intragastric (i.g.) alcohol injection, and to estimate the effects of acute alcohol on brain metabolites. The observation duration was 1-1.5 h with temporal resolution of alcohol sampling ranging from 4 s-4 min. The observed time course of alcohol brain concentration followed a consistent pattern characterized by a rapid absorption, an intermediate distribution, and a slower clearance that approached a linear decay. In a sample of eight healthy Wistar rats, the intercept of the linear clearance term, extrapolated back to the time of injection, correlated well with the administered dose per unit of lean body mass. Alcohol concentration estimation based on spectroscopically measured clearance was compared with blood alcohol levels from blood samples at the end of observation, and were in good agreement with the administered dose. Serial proton spectroscopy measurements provide a valid in vivo method for quantifying brain alcohol uptake and elimination kinetics in real time.

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Absorption, Diffusion, Distribution, and Elimination of Ethanol: Effects on Biological Membranes

Cited by 120 publications

References 129 publications

Thresholds for odor and nasal pungency

Thresholds for odor and nasal pungency

Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

In Vivo Quantification of Ethanol Kinetics in Rat Brain

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