Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Streptomycin

Adcock, John D.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1946.00210370060005

Cited by 64 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These values are in agreement with those reported by Adcock and Hettig [1] and Buggs et al [4] in human subjects. Boxer et al [3] , however, have re ported that in dogs 92-97% of administered streptomycin could be recovered in urine over a period of 24 h. This difference in the urinary excretion data could be essentially due to the species variation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Streptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition

Prasad¹,

Krishnaswamy²

1978

Chemotherapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin such as plasma concentration, plasma half-life, urinary excretion, and in vitro and in vivo binding to plasma proteins were studied in undernourished and well-nourished individuals. None of the parameters studied were different in undernourished subjects as compared to those in well-nourished, in spite of significant differences in mean albumin values between the two groups. This may be attributed to unaltered protein binding of the drug in undernourished subjects in spite of low serum albumin levels, since streptomycin binds to globulins, in addition to albumin.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Streptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition

Prasad¹,

Krishnaswamy²

1978

Chemotherapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The greatest factor affecting the urinary concentration of the drug appeared to be the urine volume. In most cases the amount of streptomycin excreted within 24 hours in the urine fell close to the reported average of 65 per cent of the total injected daily dose (1,5). It appears that a minimum daily dose of 0.6 gram of streptomycin is necessary to assure a blood level of 10 g. per ml., and that a dose of 1.5 to 2.0 grams is necessary to raise the blood level above 16 ug.…”

Section: Susceptibility Of Organismssupporting

confidence: 65%

A Bacteriologic Study of the Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Streptomycin Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections 12

Harrell

Herndon²,

Gillikin³

et al. 1947

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Streptomycin appears to be the most useful antibiotic available at present for the treatment of infections due to gram-negative bacilli. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of the drug following various modes of administration have been studied (1). The results of clinical trials of the drug in various types of infections have been reported (2). Treatment schedules and the influence of various factors in determining the optimum dosage of streptomycin have been investigated clinically, and the results are being reported elsewhere (3). The observation that the most common cause of therapeutic failure was the development of bacterial resistance or fastness 8 to streptomycin focused attention on the necessity for further bacteriologic studies in relation to concentrations of streptomycin. The cases of urinary tract infection afforded an opportunity for further investigation of the effect of streptomycin on bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteriologic methodsIn each case an attempt was made to detect all the flora involved. Urine was collected by catheterization in all females and in many of the males; in the remainder of the males voided specimens were collected after thorough cleansing of the glans and meatus with a 1: 1,000 solution IThe streptomycin used in this study was furnished by the Committee on Chemotherapeutics and Other Agents of the National Research Council.2 These studies were aided by a grant from Miss Edith Pipkin and Mrs. J. B. Pipkin. 8 Although the term resistance has been used to denote a lack of response by the organism to the drug, the possibility of confusion with resistance (immunity) of the host would suggest that another term such as insensitivity, refractoriness, fastness, or non-susceptibility should be used when referring to the bacteria. Refractoriness or fastness would imply the development of insensitivity in a previously susceptible organism. At present this is known to develop only after exposure to the drug. of mercuric chloride. After a small amount of urine had been voided to wash out the urethra, the stream was interrupted with a sterile test tube for the collection of the specimen.The urine was centrifuged and smears were made and stained by the Gram method. Cultures were made routinely on beef extract broth, blood agar slants or plates adjusted to a pH of 7.5., and desoxycholate plates. Individual colonies were transplanted to differential sugars for further identification. When the presence of organisms which required special bacteriologic methods was suspected, the necessary conditions of partial or complete anaerobiosis or increased carbon dioxide tension were achieved.Therapy was usually started as soon as gram-negative bacilli were detected on a smear or culture, without awaiting complete identification. During therapy, cultures were usually made daily. One or more additional cultures were done at least 24 hours after the completion of therapy, before the patient was discharged from the hospital, and a culture was made on each follow-up visit. In vitro sensitiv...

show abstract

“…Concentrations of 10 j.lgjml are considered adequate for treatment; however, levels as low as 0.4 ILgjml may inhibit growth of M. tuberculosis (Bobrowitz, 1970(Bobrowitz, , 1974Prasad and Krishnaswamy, 1978). Earlier reports indicate that intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injections yield approximately the same serum concentrations within 2 hours (Adcock and Hettig, 1946;Anderson and Jewell, 1945;Buggs et aI., 1946). The high concentrations of streptomycin noted in the faeces after oral administration represent poor absorption rather than massive destruction or inactivation within the gastrointestinal tract (Adcock and Hettig, 1946).…”

Section: Streptomycinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Drugs

Holdiness

1984

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

189

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The quantitative aspects of the disposition in man of 12 antituberculosis drugs [isoniazid, rifampicin, (rifampin), ethambutol, para-aminosalicylic acid, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, kanamycin, ethionamide, cycloserine, capreomycin, viomycin and thiacetazone] are reviewed. Isoniazid appears to be the only agent for which plasma concentrations and clearance are related to hereditary differences in acetylator status and for which there is an appreciable 'first-pass' effect. Recent data cast doubt on the suggestion that isoniazid may be more hepatotoxic for rapid as opposed to slow acetylators. Continuous administration of rifampicin leads to induction of enzymes in the liver with a concomitant decrease in maximum plasma concentrations, the time required to achieve this level, elimination half-life, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). Coadministration of para-aminosalicylic acid leads to increases in the serum concentrations and elimination half-life of isoniazid. With a few exceptions, the metabolites of the antituberculosis drugs are devoid of antimicrobial activity; the exceptions are 25-desacetylrifampicin which accounts for approximately 80% of the drug's antimicrobial activity in human bile, the acetylated and glycylated metabolites of para-aminosalicylic acid, and the sulphoxide metabolites of ethionamide. The effect of renal impairment is relatively unimportant for the excretion of isoniazid, rifampicin and para-aminosalicylic acid, but the elimination half-life of streptomycin increases to 100 hours when the blood urea nitrogen level is greater than 100mg/100ml, and ototoxicity is strikingly more frequent. In states of malnutrition, such as kwashiorkor, the protein binding of para-aminosalicylic acid decreases from 15% to essentially zero and in the case of ethionamide and streptomycin binding decreases by 6% and 16% respectively. Of the data concerning age-related effects, most notable are the prolonged elimination half-life of isoniazid in neonates (up to 19.8 hours), and the lower peak serum concentrations of rifampicin in children of one-third to one-tenth those of adults following a similar dose on a weight basis. For kanamycin, the maximum plasma concentration varies inversely with age but is not influenced by birthweight; however, the clearance is directly dependent upon birthweight and postnatal age. For the elderly, age is an insignificant factor for the elimination of isoniazid when compared with young adults of similar acetylator status, and the metabolism of rifampicin may be considered globally unaltered in this age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

show abstract

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of Streptomycin

Cited by 64 publications

References 15 publications

Streptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition

Streptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition

A Bacteriologic Study of the Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Streptomycin Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections 12

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Drugs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About