Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide Following Dermal Application to Human Volunteers

Selim, Sami; Hartnagel, Ralph E.; Osimitz, Thomas G.; Gabriel, Karl L.; Schoenig, Gerald P.

doi:10.1006/faat.1995.1043

Cited by 118 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…2.2 cm) and left at 27 °C for 24 h were lost by evaporation. The major losses are by absorption through the skin 30 and abrasion, which may lead to a significant reduction in the effective concentration of repellent remaining on the skin over time. Although higher doses of repellents lead to longer CPTs, it has been estimated that little gain in CPT is achieved by applying DEET at doses higher than 50% 31 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents?

Leal

Barbosa

Zeng

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that people travelling to or living in areas with Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks or epidemics adopt prophylactic measures to reduce or eliminate mosquito bites, including the use of insect repellents. It is, however, unknown whether repellents are effective against ZIKV-infected mosquitoes, in part because of the ethical concerns related to exposing a human subject’s arm to infected mosquitoes in the standard arm-in-cage assay. We used a previously developed, human subject-free behavioural assay, which mimics a human subject to evaluate the top two recommended insect repellents. Our measurements showed that DEET provided significantly higher protection than picaridin provided against noninfected, host-seeking females of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. When tested at lower doses, we observed a significant reduction in DEET-elicited protection against ZIKV-infected yellow fever mosquitoes from old and recent laboratory colonies. The reduction in protection is more likely associated with aging than the virus infection and could be compensated by applying a 5x higher dose of DEET. A substantial protection against ZIKV-infected and old noninfected mosquitoes was achieved with 5% DEET, which corresponds approximately to a 30% dose in the conventional arm-in-cage assays.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents?

Leal

Barbosa

Zeng

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…2-Hydroxynaphthalene, a specific metabolite of naphthalene (CDC, 2009), was the PAH biomarker with the highest GM (3.74 µg/L). Among the various pesticides biomarkers measured, DCBA, a major metabolite of DEET (Selim et al, 1995), had the highest GM (2.3 µg/L).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-exposure to non-persistent organic chemicals among American pre-school aged children: A pilot study

Calafat

Valentín-Blasini

et al. 2017

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Background General population human biomonitoring programs such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States suggest that chemical exposures are common. Exposures during childhood may affect health later in life, but biomonitoring data in NHANES among pre-school aged children are limited. Methods A convenience group of 122 3–5 year old American boys and girls were recruited in 2013 for a pilot study to assess the feasibility of collecting urine from young children and analyzing it for select chemical exposure biomarkers for future NHANES. Children were primarily Hispanic (64.8%); the remainder was divided between non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white and “other.” We measured 52 urinary biomarkers: 13 phthalates and one non-phthalate plasticizer, five phenols and four parabens, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 19 pesticides. For each biomarker, we calculated descriptive statistics. We also calculated the number of biomarkers detected within each child, and performed principal components analysis (PCA). Results NHANES staff obtained permission to attempt collection of 60 mL urine from 3 to 5 year olds who participated in the 2013 NHANES health examination; 83% of children successfully provided the target volume. We detected 24 individual biomarkers of pesticides, phenols and parabens, phthalates/non-phthalate plasticizers, and PAHs in 95–100% of children. The median number of biomarkers detected was 37: nine pesticides, five phenols and parabens, 13 phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, and 10 PAHs. Biomarkers concentrations appear to be similar to national estimates among 6–11 year old children from previous NHANES. PCA suggested high within-class correlations among biomarkers. Conclusions These young children successfully adhered to the collection protocol and produced enough urine for the quantification of environmental biomarkers currently being measured in NHANES participants 6 years of age and older. Using the same analytical methods employed for the analysis of samples collected from older NHANES participants, in this sample of pre-school aged children we detected multiple chemicals including plasticizers, combustion products, personal-care product chemicals, and pesticides. Starting with NHANES 2015–2016, the NHANES biomonitoring program will include urinary biomarkers for 3–5 year old children to provide exposure data to select chemicals at the national level among this age group.

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“…While several P450s have been demonstrated to be active in DEET metabolism, CYP2B6 is the principal P450 responsible for the conversion of DEET to BALC, and CYP2C19 for the conversion of DEET to ET [ 13 ]. DEET metabolites are primarily excreted from the human body in urine, but can also be expelled in feces [ 14 ]. The predominant metabolite of fipronil is fipronil sulfone (5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-cyano-4-rifluoromethylsulfonyl-pyrazole), which is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Expression Profile of lncRNAs from Primary Human Hepatocytes Following DEET and Fipronil Exposure

Mitchell

Wallace

Hodgson

et al. 2017

IJMS

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While the synthesis and use of new chemical compounds is at an all-time high, the study of their potential impact on human health is quickly falling behind, and new methods are needed to assess their impact. We chose to examine the effects of two common environmental chemicals, the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and the insecticide fluocyanobenpyrazole (fipronil), on transcript levels of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in primary human hepatocytes using a global RNA-Seq approach. While lncRNAs are believed to play a critical role in numerous important biological processes, many still remain uncharacterized, and their functions and modes of action remain largely unclear, especially in relation to environmental chemicals. RNA-Seq showed that 100 µM DEET significantly increased transcript levels for 2 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 18 lncRNAs, while fipronil at 10 µM increased transcript levels for 76 lncRNAs and decreased levels for 193 lncRNAs. A mixture of 100 µM DEET and 10 µM fipronil increased transcript levels for 75 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 258 lncRNAs. This indicates a more-than-additive effect on lncRNA transcript expression when the two chemicals were presented in combination versus each chemical alone. Differentially expressed lncRNA genes were mapped to chromosomes, analyzed by proximity to neighboring protein-coding genes, and functionally characterized via gene ontology and molecular mapping algorithms. While further testing is required to assess the organismal impact of changes in transcript levels, this initial analysis links several of the dysregulated lncRNAs to processes and pathways critical to proper cellular function, such as the innate and adaptive immune response and the p53 signaling pathway.

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Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide Following Dermal Application to Human Volunteers

Cited by 118 publications

References 0 publications

Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents?

Does Zika virus infection affect mosquito response to repellents?

Co-exposure to non-persistent organic chemicals among American pre-school aged children: A pilot study

Differential Expression Profile of lncRNAs from Primary Human Hepatocytes Following DEET and Fipronil Exposure

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