Absorption of Carbon Tetrachloride, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, Methylene Chloride, and 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Through the Human Skin

Stewart, Richard D.; Dodd, C A B Hugh

doi:10.1080/00028896409342621

Cited by 144 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…There is also some information on the e ects of di erent concentrations of TCE in humans. According to Stewart & Dodd (1964) immersion of a hand in pure solvent for 30 min resulted in an alveolar concentration of 22 p.p.m. (0.16 mM), which is equivalent to inhalation of 50 ± 250 p.p.m.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Cruz

Balster

Woodward

2000

British J Pharmacology

109

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1 We have previously shown that toluene dose-dependently inhibits recombinant N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors at micromolar concentrations. This inhibition was rapid, almost complete and reversible. The NR1/2B combination was the most sensitive receptor subtype tested with an IC 50 value for toluene of 0.17 mM.2 We now report on the e ects of other commonly abused solvents (benzene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCE) and those of a convulsive solvent, 2,2,2-tri¯uoroethyl ether (¯urothyl), on NMDA-induced currents measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing NR1/2A or NR1/2B receptor subtypes. 3 All of the alkylbenzenes and TCE produced a reversible inhibition of NMDA-induced currents that was dose-and subunit-dependent. The NR1/2B receptor subtype was several times more sensitive to these compounds than the NR1/2A subtype. 4 The convulsant solvent¯urothyl had no e ect on NMDA responses in oocytes but potently inhibited ion¯ux through recombinant GABA receptors expressed in oocytes. 5 Overall, these results suggest that abused solvents display pharmacological selectivity and that NR1/2B NMDA receptors may be an important target for the actions of these compounds on the brain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Cruz

Balster

Woodward

2000

British J Pharmacology

109

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“…S k i n absorption. F r e q u e n t immersion of t h e h a n d s in liquid tetrachloroe t h e n e will result in substantial u p t a k e through the skin (12). This aspect was not taken into account in t h e present study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene.

Monster¹,

Regouin-Peeters²,

A³

et al. 1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene. Scand j work environ health 9 (1983) 273-281. In the breathing zone of 32 workers concentrations of tetrachloroethene were measured during five consecutive workdays. The feasibility of biological monitoring was tested by the measurement of the concentrations of tetrachloroethene in blood and exhaled air and the urinary excretion of trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol. The best parameter to estimate the time-weighted average exposure to tetrachloroethene over the whole workweek appears to be the concentration of both tetrachloroethene and trichloroacetic acid in blood 15-30 min after the end of the workday at the end of the workweek. Among the noninvasive methods the best parameter is the tetrachloroethene concentration in exhaled air 15-30 min after work at the end of the workweek, followed by the measurement of trichloroacetic acid in urine at the end of the workweek. In exposure to 2,050 pmol of tetrachloroethene/m3 (340 mg/m3, 50 ppm) the eshmated values for the biological parameters are 13.2 pmol of tetrachloroethenell of blood, 33 tun01 of trichloroacetic acidP of blood, 920 pmol of tetrachloroethenelm3 of exhaled air and 6.1 ymol of trichloroacetic acidlmmol of creatinine in urine, respectively. With 95 % confidence it may be stated that an individual with a value for a biological parameter not exceeding 8.3 pmol of tetrachloroethenell of blood, 20 pmol of trichloroacetic acid11 of blood, 515 pmol of tetrachloroethene/m3 of exhaled air and 3.0 ymol of trichloroacetic acidlmmol of creatinine, respectively, had an exposure not exceeding 2,050 pmol of tetrachloroethene/m3. The measurement of trichloroethanol in urine may be used for the estimation of the time-weighted average exposure over the previous 2 d. The concentration of tetrachloroethene in exhaled air 15-30 min after exposure had little value for the estimation of the time-weighted average exposure over the last 4 h. On Monday morning the concentration of tetrachloroethene in exhaled air is still about 15 % of the time-weighted average exposure concentration during the whole preceding workweek. The half-time of trichloroacetic acid in urine and blood during the weekend is about 65-90 h. K e y terms: metabolism, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol. Tetrachloroethene(tetrachloroethylene, perchloroethylene) i s a volatile, nonflammable liquid widely used a s a degreasi n g a n d drycleaning solvent. T h e u p t a k e of tetrachloroethene by the lung is rather high (alveolar retention 60-80 %) (2,8) because of its high solubility i n blood a n d

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“…In 1955, the "East Chem" line started operation (Putzier, 1982 A study was conducted in July 1986 to look at carbon tetrachloride absorption through gloves. Carbon tetrachloride can be absorbed through the skin (Stewart and Dodd, 1964). If carbon tetrachloride permeated through the gloves, skin absorption is a potential route of exposure.…”

Section: Comparison Of Assessment Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…,., __ ----, Carbon tetrachloride has also been shown to be absorbed through the skin (Stewart and Dodd, 1964). This is another source of exposure which was not routinelyevaluated.…”

Section: Organic Solvents Have Been Linked To Excess Brain Tumors (Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Exposures to Chemicals at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant: A Pilot Retrospective Exposure Assessment

Robertson

1999

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Absorption of Carbon Tetrachloride, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, Methylene Chloride, and 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Through the Human Skin

Cited by 144 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene.

Historical Exposures to Chemicals at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant: A Pilot Retrospective Exposure Assessment

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