Spectroscopic studies for lanthanide elements in molten salt media performed using absorption, fluorescence, infrared, Raman, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and M€ ossbaur spectroscopy were reviewed in an effort to understand the effect of structural change and chemical behavior of lanthanides on the temperature increase and the matrix change. The absorption spectroscopic studies revealed electronic energy levels of the transitions with the general structural information of the lanthanide elements, whereas the laser-induced fluorescence studies revealed more detailed information on lanthanide elements such as the lifetime behavior, structural changes, and hypersensitive transition. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy also provided structural details of molecule containing lanthanides, and the EPR and M€ ossbaur spectroscopy provided supporting information for the spontaneous reduction of trivalent lanthanides, such as Eu(III). The recent development of X-ray spectroscopy such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) also provided detailed information for lanthanide halide in a molten salt medium. The characteristics of f-d as well as f-f transitions of the lanthanide elements were reviewed and the structural changes depending on the media, lanthanides element, and temperature were discussed in detail.