Abstract 3432: Outdoor air pollution and household coal combustion in a rural high lung cancer incidence area of China

Abstract

Outdoor air pollution inside populated areas is a growing environmental health concern. Epidemiological data related to exposures to outdoor air pollution are limited in rural areas. We previously assessed indoor and personal exposures in two Chinese rural counties, Xuanwei and Fuyuan, where the domestic combustion of locally sourced “smoky” (i.e., bituminous) but not “smokeless” (i.e., anthracite) coal has been associated with the highest lung cancer rates in China. In addition, we have previously reported that improving home ventilation by installing stoves with chimneys was associated with a reduction in lung cancer rates in this region. However, outdoor air pollution from indoor burning of coal and the impact of improving household ventilation on outdoor air pollution have never been assessed in this area. Therefore, we measured outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including the known carcinogen benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) over two consecutive 24-hour sampling periods in 29 villages. Half of the villages were revisited several months after the initial sampling period to repeat all measurements. The overall concentrations of outdoor pollutants in Xuanwei and Fuyuan were 53.1 μg/m3 (13.2-103.4 μg/m3) for PM2.5, and 11.1 ng/m3 (5.9-19.8 ng/m3) for BaP. PM2.5 levels were almost twice as high as the 24-hour mean World Health Organization guideline value of 25 μg/m3. Outdoor BaP concentrations in villages with homes using smoky coal were significantly higher than those with homes that used smokeless coal (11.6 vs 5.9 ng/m3, p < 0.05). Among villages using smoky coal, higher outdoor BaP levels were found in villages where >50% of households had a chimney compared to villages where ≤50% of homes had a chimney (12.3 vs 7.1 ng/m3, p = 0.024). Outdoor PM2.5 was moderately correlated with the indoor concentration (Spearman rs = 0.28, p = 0.011). These results show that outdoor air pollution in a rural region of China with a high incidence of lung cancer was associated with type of coal used for cooking and heating indoors and the presence of stove ventilation. These findings suggest that further reducing adverse health effects in rural villages from home burning of coal will likely require use of stoves that reduce environmental exhaust and/or the replacement of coal with cleaner fuel types. Citation Format: Wei Hu, George Downward, Boris Reiss, Nathaniel Rothman, Jihua Li, Jun He, K.F Morales-Collins, Jun Xu, Weijie Seow, Bryan Bassig, Dean Hosgood, Linlin Zhang, M Hoogeveen, Ingrid Rijk, Guoping Wu, Fusheng Wei, Roel Vermeulen, Qing Lan. Outdoor air pollution and household coal combustion in a rural high lung cancer incidence area of China. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3432.

Cytotoxicity and Potential Pathway to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by PM2.5 Emitted from Raw Coal Chunks and Clean Coal Combustion

“…The health impact associated with PM 2.5 is a booming topic in recent years. There are a variety of research studies on PM 2.5 emitted from coal combustions, such as human health risk evaluations, − in vitro and in vivo examinations, − and epidemiological studies. − A primary level of health evaluation was thus built with massive data. The present in vitro studies mainly employ respiratory cells (i.e., A549 and BEAS-2B) to detect the bioreactivities induced by PM 2.5 from coal combustion. − However, the World Health Organization (WHO) and epidemiologists reported the figures that PM 2.5 exposure could increase respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and of which 70% was associated with cardiovascular-related issues .…”