Abstracting meaning from complex information (gist reasoning) in adult traumatic brain injury

Vas, Asha; Spence, Jeffrey S.; Chapman, Sandra B.

doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.994478

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Lower performance in the TBI group as compared with the control group on similarities and gist reasoning extends prior evidence of long‐term impact of TBI on higher order cognition across ages (both adolescents and adults) (Vas, Spence, & Chapman, ; Cook, Chapman, & Gamino, ; McAllister, ). Despite comparable reading and comprehension abilities, majority of the TBI group had significant difficulty combining words to form concepts (as in similarities test) or combining details to form abstracted ideas (as in gist reasoning test).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Healthy adults engage in gist reasoning when understanding and extracting the essence and meaning whether from newspaper articles, movies, lectures, Internet stories, information from job interviews, or personalized medical information from medical professionals. Prior findings demonstrated gist reasoning deficits in adults with TBI in chronic stages of recovery (Vas, Spence, & Chapman, ). Results also identified positive associations between gist reasoning and daily‐life functionality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Sensitivity and specificity of abstraction using gist reasoning measure in adults with traumatic brain injury

Vas

Spence

Eschler

et al. 2016

J Appl Biobehavioral Res

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Abstraction, a unique aspect of human reasoning, is affected by TBI. Lack of sensitive metrics to characterize abstraction in TBI recovery may impede detection of cognitive deficits and impact daily function. Recent findings found lower performance in abstracting meaning from complex information, referred to as gist reasoning, in adults with TBI. This study extends those findings to (a) compare abstract thinking between adults with TBI and controls on gist reasoning, similarities, and proverbs and (b) examine and compare sensitivity and specificity of abstraction measures. Participants included adults with moderate to severe chronic TBI (n = 30) and controls (n = 40), all between 25 and 55 years. ANOVA examined group differences on abstract thinking performance. A 10‐fold cross‐validation analysis examined sensitivity and specificity of each measure, and all possible combinations of measures. The TBI group performed significantly lower on gist reasoning and similarities. Results demonstrated higher sensitivity of gist reasoning (84.7%) as compared to similarities and proverbs. Specificity of gist reasoning (71.1%) was second highest, with proverbs multiple choice being the highest (85.2%). Combination of measures did not yield significant gains in sensitivity beyond gist reasoning alone. Gist reasoning could provide an additional diagnostic tool to detect impaired abstraction deficits in adults with chronic TBI. Furthermore, gist reasoning performance has implications to guide cognitive training.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Sensitivity and specificity of abstraction using gist reasoning measure in adults with traumatic brain injury

Vas

Spence

Eschler

et al. 2016

J Appl Biobehavioral Res

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“…The engagement of top-down processes to improve cognitive control of information and goal management is further facilitated by innovation strategies of fluid and flexible thinking. Examining information/goals from divergent perspectives further strengthens abstraction capacity and more expansive problem solving skills to mitigate impairments of concrete thinking and status quo approaches to addressing problems that are often a common sequelae of TBI (Vas, Spence, & Chapman, 2015). Thus, the SMART programme provides an easily adoptable tool kit to tackle mental activities along with extensive practice to reinforce inculcation into regular habits.…”

Section: Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (Smart)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition, SMART studies have shown engagement of broad-based brain networks to improve top-down processing, with a spillover benefit to specific processes . Moreover, evidence has shown that performance on specific executive functions (e.g., switching, working memory, and inhibition) only partially predict gist reasoning performance (Vas et al, 2015). Additional well-designed cognitive training trials are needed to inform whether training paradigms achieve unidirectional versus bidirectional gains, with the latter being a more efficient goal.…”

Section: Executive Function and Memorymentioning

confidence: 98%

Reasoning training in veteran and civilian traumatic brain injury with persistent mild impairment

Vas

Chapman

Aslan

et al. 2015

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic health condition. The prevalence of TBI, combined with limited advances in protocols to mitigate persistent TBI-related impairments in higher order cognition, present a significant challenge. In this randomised study (n = 60), we compared the benefits of Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART, n = 31), a strategy-based programme shown to improve cognitive control, versus an active learning programme called Brain Health Workshop (BHW, n = 29) in individuals with TBI with persistent mild functional deficits. Outcomes were measured on cognitive, psychological health, functional, and imaging measures. Repeated measures analyses of immediate post-training and 3-month post-training demonstrated gains on the cognitive control domain of gist reasoning (ability to abstract big ideas/goals from complex information/tasks) in the SMART group as compared to BHW. Gains following the SMART programme were also evident on improved executive function, memory, and daily function as well as reduced symptoms associated with depression and stress. The SMART group showed an increase in bilateral precuneus cerebral blood flow (CBF). Improvements in gist reasoning in the SMART group were also associated with an increase in CBF in the left inferior frontal region, the left insula and the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex. These results add to prior findings that the SMART programme provides an efficient set of strategies that have the potential to improve cognitive control performance and associated executive functions and daily function, to enhance psychological health, and facilitate positive neural plasticity in adults with persistent mild impairment after TBI.

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“…Evidence suggests that advanced reasoning engages gist processing (Reyna and Brainerd, , ; Reyna and Lloyd, ), and such gist reasoning skills are integral to successful academic, occupational, and functional performance (Reyna and Brainerd, , ; Reyna and Lloyd, ; Chapman et al ., ). A series of gist reasoning training (henceforth referenced to as Gist Training) trials (Chapman and Mudar, ), which targeted gist abstraction abilities in normally aging seniors (Anand et al ., ; Chapman et al ., ) and adults with traumatic brain injury (Vas and Chapman, ; Vas et al ., ) have shown cognitive and neural benefits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with gist reasoning training: a pilot study

Mudar

Chapman

Rackley

et al. 2016

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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ObjectiveCognitive training offers a promising way to mitigate cognitive deterioration in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This randomized control pilot trial examined the effects of Gist Reasoning Training on cognition as compared with a training involving New Learning in a well‐characterized MCI group.MethodsFifty participants with amnestic MCI were randomly assigned to the experimental Gist Training group or an active control New Learning group. Both groups received 8 h of training over a 4‐week period. We compared pre‐training with post‐training changes in cognitive functions between the two training groups.ResultsThe Gist Training group showed higher performance in executive function (strategic control and concept abstraction) and memory span compared with the New Learning group. Conversely, the New Learning group showed gains in memory for details.ConclusionThese findings suggest that cognitive training in general yields benefits, and more specifically, training programs that target top–down cognitive functions such as gist reasoning may have a broad impact on improving cognition in MCI. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Abstracting meaning from complex information (gist reasoning) in adult traumatic brain injury

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Sensitivity and specificity of abstraction using gist reasoning measure in adults with traumatic brain injury

Sensitivity and specificity of abstraction using gist reasoning measure in adults with traumatic brain injury

Reasoning training in veteran and civilian traumatic brain injury with persistent mild impairment

Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with gist reasoning training: a pilot study

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