Abstracts of Contributions Presented at EuroCeph 2011 “Cephalopod Biology Research in the 21st Century—A European Perspective”

Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Marine Invertebrate Behavior at Elevated CO2

“…Conversely, statolith size was increased, and chemical composition altered, in squid exposed to 850 and 1,500 µatm pCO 2 (Lacoue-Labarthe et al, 2011). Cuttlefish exposed to 4,000 µatm pCO 2 exhibited reduced statolith calcification, altered statolith microstructure and decreased prey capture efficiency compared to squid in control conditions (700 µatm pCO 2 ) (Maneja et al, 2011). Furthermore, computer modeling showed that an increased statolith mass, similar to that seen in the otoliths of fish exposed to 2,500 µatm pCO 2 , would alter cephalopod hearing below 10 Hz (Zhang et al, 2015).…”

“…Statocysts are also involved in motor programs that underlie hunting behavior in mollusks (Levi et al, 2004). Statolith size was reduced and morphology altered in cephalopods exposed to ∼1,300 µatm (Zakroff et al, 2019), 2,200 µatm (Kaplan et al, 2013), and 4,000 µatm (Maneja et al, 2011) pCO 2 . Abalone exposed to ∼700 and ∼1,000 µatm pCO 2 also exhibited decreased statolith size compared to control conditions (Manríquez et al, 2014b).…”

“…(1) Sensation may be disrupted via changes to sensory stimuli at elevated CO 2 , such as structural alteration of chemical cues, disturbed transmission of acoustic cues and altered sensory output from animals experiencing behavioral changes (Roggatz et al, 2016;Nagelkerken et al, 2019). (2) Alternatively, elevated CO 2 may disrupt sensation via physical change to sensory organs or structural alteration of sensory receptors (Maneja et al, 2011;Briffa et al, 2012;Bignami et al, 2013). (3) Morphological and respiratory changes at elevated CO 2 may alter the context within which decision making is carried out, influencing behavioral responses (Bibby et al, 2007;Chan et al, 2011;Peng et al, 2017;Rich et al, 2018).…”

Soft Robotics Research, Challenges, and Innovation Potential, Through Showcases

“…What Biomechanical measurements on arms of specimens of Octopus vulgaris, with purposively designed bioengineering tools (see Fig. 21.1), gave evidence of an average 73% elongation and an average 40N force applied with one arm [11] [12]. Imaging and biological analysis of the octopus arm tissue (ecography, histology, SEM) gave evidence of the helicoidal arrangement of nervous fibres in the central nerve chord [13], of the radial transverse fibres and of the anchoring of longitudinal fibres at different lengths along the arm.…”