Abundance and diversity of soil nematodes as influenced by different types of organic manure

Abstract

58 SummaryNematode abundance and diversity from different types of organic manure soil treatments were investigated in a longterm field experiment carried out in Qu-Zhou experimental station, China Agricultural University. The composts used in the experiment were a traditional compost (C) (60 % straw, 30 % livestock dung, 5 % cottonseed-pressed trash and 5 % brans), traditional compost and chicken dung compost (60 % straw, 30 % chiken dung, 5 % cottonseedpressed trash and 5 % brans) added with effective microorganisms, EMC and EMCDC respectively. Six treatments were arranged according to a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Treatments were incorporation into the soil of compost EMC, EMCDC, and C each at the rates of 7.5 and 15 t/ha. Plots were sown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) every year from 1997 to 2004. Overall, 28 nematode genera were found. Seven genera were bacterivores, 3 genera were fungivores, 13 genera were plantparasites and 5 genera were omnivores-predators. The Rhabditis, Cephalobus, Helicotylenchus were dominant genera in the present study. The bacterivores and plantparasitic nematodes were the dominant trophic groups except in C treatment. Nematode abundance per 100 g dried soil ranged from 372 to 553. Addition of effective microorganism increased the number and proportion of bacterivorous nematodes and decreased the number and proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes compared to traditional compost C. Total number of nematode was significantly influenced by compost amount, but didn't significantly influence by EM agent. Total abundance of nematode was positively correlated with the content of soil organic matter, total N, available P and K. The long-term addition of EM agent hasn't adverse effect on soil nematode community.

The effect of soil compost treatments on potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida

“…Many organic material wastes represent an important resource of nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium and other elements as zinc, copper and magnesium essential to plant growth (Tester, 1990). There are sufficient data to indicate that organic materials reduce disease incidence caused by a wide range of plant pests including bacteria, soil-borne pathogens and phytoparasitic nematodes species (D'Addabbo et al, 1997;Abawi & Widmer, 2000;Bailey & Lazarovits, 2003;Renčo et al 2007Renčo et al , 2009Renčo et al , 2010Hu & Qi, 2010). In particular, the suppressive effect of soil amendments, with a wide range of composted waste materials, on plant parasitic nematodes was largely and frequently documented, although an inconsistent nematode control or variable effects were also described in literature (Szczech et al, 1993;McSorley & Gallagher, 1995;McSorley et al, 1997;Akhtar & Malik, 2000;Zhao et al, 2003).…”

Nematicidal and fertilizing effects of chicken manure, fresh and composted olive mill wastes on organic melon

“…According to Kaplan and Noe (1993) the use of the optimal amendment rate seems to be of primary importance indicating that the nematicidal activity is regulated by dose-response functions. Although various organic amendments can have diverse effects on soil properties and nematode communities (Nahar et al, 2006;Hu & Qi, 2010), all amendments tend to increase availability of plant nutrients, microbial biomass and bacterivore and fungivore nematodes (Briar et al, 2007). Chicken manure is also known to be effective in the control of root knot nematodes (Akhtar, 1997;Lopez-Pérez et al, 2005;Oka et al, 2000;D'Addabbo et al, 2003) and the mode of action is thought to be based on the release of toxic levels of ammonium, although alterations in soil structure, the stimulation of antagonistic organisms, and the increase of plant tolerance also may play a role (Oka et al, 2000;Lopez-Pérez et al, 2005).…”

Soil nematode community characteristics around the Gangue hill of Fushun West Open-pit mine

“…They reflect and indicate the status of the decomposition pathway in detrital food webs (Ruess, 2003). These values ranged between 0.09 and 0.43 and they were higher than that observed in a long term field experiment of organic manure soil treatments (Hu & Qi, 2010), indicating a large bacterial population presence with a dominant bacterial decomposition pathway (Table 3). Simpson index (λ) was used to assess the dominance of all nematode genera in the samples and it weights common species.…”

“…Since the 1990s, many countries focused their attention on researches about changes of soil nematode communities in different environmental conditions and management (Sohlenius et al, 1987;Freckman & Ettema, 1993;Fu et al, 2000;Renčo, 2003Renčo, , 2004Ferris et al, 2004;Wasilewska, 2006;Zolda & Háněl, 2007). Some relevant researches were reported during the last two decades in China (Wang et al, 1992;Hu et al, 1993;Liang et al, 2005;Wu et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2007a;Hu & Qi, 2010). To provide a theoretical foundation for the soil nematodes, we used the area around Gangue hill as an experimental site and we focused our attention on number of soil nematode communities, community composition, diversity, trends of changes, heavy metal pollution gradients in different sites and soil environmental quality within nematodes can survival.…”