Abundance and origin of fine particulate chloride in continental China

Yang, Xue; Wang, Tao; Xia, Men; Gao, Xiaomen; Li, Qinyi; Zhang, Naiwen; Gao, Yuan; Lee, Shuncheng; Wang, Xinfeng; Xue, Likun; Yang, Lingxiao; Wang, Wenxing

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.205

Cited by 73 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In these observed campaigns, the highest concentration of K + occurred in northern cities (0.98 ± 0.78 µg/m 3 (Figure 3b), which indicated that Cl − accumulates as concentration of particulate matter increases. The average mass ratios of Cl − /PM 2.5 in northern cities (6.0 ± 4.8%) were higher than those in central cities (2.7 ± 2.1%) and southern cities (1.8 ± 1.8%) ( Figure 3c), and were also higher than previous studies (ranging from 0.34 to 4.55) [54,58]. The anomalous high mass ratios of Cl − /PM 2.5 in northern cities may be connected with the high emission of anthropogenic chlorine [58], or with the higher gas-phase HCl partition into [57], or with the implementation of air pollutant emission reduction measures, which dropped the concentrations of PM 2.5 during this study period.…”

Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationcontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Due to a lack of coal consumption in January 2018 for the observed cities, we cannot estimate the chlorine emissions from coal combustion. The discrepancies between the observed aerosol Cl− concentrations and the modelled chlorine emissions across China may be related to the seasonal differences (for example higher chlorine in winter than summer [58]), and the study scale differences (for example, our study focused on the cities, but the study of Liu et al [57] including both cities and countryside). Table 1) and rural sites (b: the data from Table 2) in January 2018.…”

Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…However, the active fire points from the Aqua and Terra MODIS data in January 2018 displayed an opposite trend for K + , i.e., less fire points in northern China but more in southern China ( Figure 5). For the highest concentrations of K + in northern China, we speculate that coal combustion may be an important source of K + [64,66], but the contribution from residential biofuel combustion may not be negligible [58]. In southern China, K + may be mainly from the biomass burning ( Figure 5).…”

Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Moreover, the mole ratios of Cl − /Na + in PM 2.5 were higher than that (1.3 ± 0.87) in urban dust [70], implying the urban dust source of chlorine is also minor for atmospheric aerosol chlorine. For the aerosol chlorine in an urban atmosphere, excluding the natural origins, anthropogenic emissions (such as coal combustion and biomass burning (including burning of residential and industrial biofuel, agricultural waste and wildfires)) have been widely mentioned in the literature [32,57,58]. However, the mole ratios of Cl − /Na + in PM 2.5 for all the cities in our observations during winter were higher than the Cl − /Na + mole ratios in PM 2.5 that collected directly from the flue gas of biomass burning (3.2 ± 2.7) [71][72][73][74] and coal combustion (1.2 ± 1.9) [73,[75][76][77][78][79] (Figure 6a).…”

Section: Source Apportionment Of CL − In Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

et al. 2019

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Chlorine is an important atmospheric photochemical oxidant, but few studies have focused on atmospheric chlorine. In this study, PM 2.5 samples were collected from urban and rural sites across China in January 2018, and concentrations of Cl − and other water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 were analyzed. The size-segregated aerosol Cl − data measured across Chinese cities by other studies were compiled for comparison. The observed data demonstrated that the Cl − concentrations of PM 2.5 in northern cities (5.0 ± 3.7 µg/m 3 ) were higher than those in central (1.9 ± 1.2 µg/m 3 ) and southern cities (0.84 ± 0.54 µg/m 3 ), suggesting substantial chlorine emissions in northern cities during winter. The concentrations of Cl − in aerosol were significantly higher in urban regions (0.11-26.7 µg/m 3 ) compared to than in rural regions (0.03-0.61 µg/m 3 ) across China during winter, implying strong anthropogenic chlorine emission in cities. Based on the mole ratios of Cl − /Na + , Cl − /K + and Cl − /SO 2− 4 and the PMF model, Cl − in northern and central cities was mainly sourced from the coal combustion and biomass burning, but in southern cities, Cl − in PM 2.5 was mainly affected by the equilibrium between gas-phase HCl and particulate Cl − . The size-segregated statistical data demonstrated that particulate Cl − had a bimodal pattern, and more Cl − was distributed in the fine model than that in the coarse mode in winter, with the opposite pattern was observed in summer. This may be attributed to both sources of atmospheric Cl − and Cl − involved in chemical processes. This study reports the concentrations of aerosol Cl − on a national scale, and provides important information for modeling the global atmospheric reactive chlorine distribution and the effects of chlorine on atmospheric photochemistry.Atmosphere 2019, 10, 505 2 of 16 may disturb the aerosol acidity [11][12][13][14], which further affects the water-soluble ion concentrations aerosol [15,16]. Although the Cl − concentration in aerosol has been incidentally reported in many studies, very few studies have paid attention to Cl − in terrestrial aerosols as compared to marine aerosol, let alone in situ observations on a large spatial scale.The sources of atmospheric Cl − have been identified using several different methods, such as determining stable isotopic compositions of Cl − [17][18][19], monitoring the relationships between Cl − and OC, EC, Na + , and K + [16,[20][21][22], and model simulations [23,24]. Atmospheric Cl − has many natural sources, including sea water, wildfires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions [25][26][27][28], as well as anthropogenic sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, industrial emissions, and the use of sodium chloride on icy roads [20,21,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The chlorine emissions from sea water (both particulate Cl − and gas-phase HCl) were estimated to be 1792.6 Tg Cl yr −1 [23], which is considerably higher than emissions from other sources, such as dust (15 Tg Cl yr −1 as particulate Cl − ) and volcanic eruption...

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Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Model Of Positive Matrix Factorizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Source Apportionment Of CL − In Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Spatial Distributions and Sources of Inorganic Chlorine in PM2.5 across China in Winter

et al. 2019

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“…Zhou et al (2018) measured an average of 174.3 pptv of ClNO 2 in Beijing in Jun, 2017 and WRF‐Chem estimated 75 (75–283) pptv. Yang et al (2018) compiled the available observation datasets of chloride aerosol in China from the year of 1997 to 2012. They found ubiquitous presence of particulate chloride in PM 2.5 across China and the campaign average concentration of fine chloride aerosol ranged between 0.11 μg m −3 (in a background site, Tung Chung, in Summer) to 8.98 μg m −3 (in an urban site, Ji'nan, in winter).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China

Badía

Wang

et al. 2020

JGR Atmospheres

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Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O 3 , a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly-emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O 3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re-assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.

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