Abundance of viruses in deep oceanic waters

Hara, Shigeru; Koike, Isao; Terauchi, Kazuki; Kamiya, Hiroshi; Tanoue, Eiichiro

doi:10.3354/meps145269

Cited by 114 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Prokaryotic and viral abundance The average viral abundance in the deep (sub)tropical Atlantic reported in this study was one order of magnitude lower than in the meso-and bathypelagic waters further north in the Atlantic (Parada et al, 2007) but similar to the abundance reported for the deep subtropical Pacific (Hara et al, 1996). Although viral and prokaryotic abundance were related to each other, in agreement with previous studies from the eastern tropical Atlantic (Winter et al, 2008), the virus-to-prokaryote ratio increased from 100 m to 7000 m depth from B10 to B30 (Table 1, Supplementary Figure S2b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The percentage of the high fluorescence viruses decreased from the epipelagic to the meso-and bathypelagic layers and increased again in the abyssopelagic layers (Supplementary Figure S4). Increasing virus-to-prokaryote ratios with depth have been reported previously (Hara et al, 1996;Fuhrman, 2000;Weinbauer, 2004;Magagnini et al, 2007;Parada et al, 2007). The turnover time of viruses and their decay time, assuming that viral abundance is in steady state, was estimated to range from 11 to 39 days in the bathypelagic North Atlantic (Parada et al, 2007) compared with 1-2 days in near-surface waters (Noble and Fuhrman, 1998;Winter et al, 2004b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Links between viral and prokaryotic communities throughout the water column in the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2010

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Viral and prokaryotic abundance, production and diversity were determined throughout the water column of the subtropical Atlantic Ocean to assess potential variations in the relation between viruses and prokaryotes. Prokaryotic abundance and heterotrophic activity decreased by one and three orders of magnitude, respectively, from the epi-to the abyssopelagic layer. Although the lytic viral production (VP) decreased with depth, lysogenic VP was variable throughout the water column and did not show any trend with depth. The bacterial, archaeal and viral community composition were depth-stratified as determined by the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, terminalrestriction fragment length polymorphism and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, respectively. Generally, the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) did not reveal consistent trends throughout the water column. Viral and prokaryotic abundance were strongly related to heterotrophic prokaryotic production, suggesting similar linkage strength between the viral and prokaryotic communities from the lower epi-to the abyssopelagic layer in the Atlantic Ocean. Strikingly, the prokaryotic and viral parameters exhibited a similar variability throughout the water column down to the abyssopelagic layers, suggesting that the dark ocean is as dynamic a system as is the lower epipelagic layer. It also indicates that viruses are apparently having a similar role for prokaryotic mortality in the dark oceanic realm as in surface waters. The more than twofold increase in bacterial OTUs from 2750 m depth to 45000 m depth and the concurrent decrease in viral OTUs, however, suggests that viruses might exhibit a wider host range in deep waters than in surface waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Links between viral and prokaryotic communities throughout the water column in the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2010

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“…Transport of viruses in deep waters by sinking particles (Hara et al 1996) cannot explain this, since sinking particles are rapidly decomposed within the first 500 m at the study site Dyfamed (Turley and Stutt 2000). Decay of viral infectivity increases with increasing temperature (Cottrell and Suttle 1995), and thus the relatively low temperature of 13ЊC in mesopelagic and deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the 4ЊC or less in deep waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean could have resulted in an increased survival rate of viruses and thus the high VBR values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysogeny and virus‐induced mortality of bacterioplankton in surface, deep, and anoxic marine waters

Weinbauer

Brettar

Höfle

2003

Limnology & Oceanography

285

299

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Lysogeny (bacteria containing inducible prophages) and lytic viral infection (bacteria in a lytic stage of infection) were investigated at the community level in contrasting marine environments such as estuarine versus offshore waters, surface versus deep waters, and oxic versus anoxic waters in the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The frequency of lysogenic cells (FLC) in bacterioplankton communities ranged from not detectable to 84% as estimated by prophage induction due to mitomycin C, and highest values were typically found in deep waters (800-2,000 m). Transmission electron microscopy based estimates of virus-induced mortality of bacterioplankton (VMB) ranged from a few percent to 71%, and highest values were found in anoxic waters of the Baltic Sea. FLC and the frequency of infected cells (FIC) were related in form of a negative power function indicating that environments exist where one of the two viral life strategies prevails. Across all investigated environments, FLC was negatively related to bacterial abundance and production, whereas FIC showed a positive relationship with viral and bacterial parameters. FIC was higher and FLC was lower in moderately productive estuarine and offshore surface waters than in less productive mesopelagic and deep waters. Thus, lysogeny seems to be a survival strategy at low host abundance and activity, whereas high host abundance and activity seems to favor the lytic life cycle. The key process for the prevalence of lytic infection compared to prophage replication at high host abundance could be competition due to outnumbering. Between 11% and 88% (average, 35%) of the bacteria contained a functional (lytic or lysogenic) viral genome.Viruses play a significant role in ecological and biogeochemical processes of the ocean, and their impact depends on the reproductive pathway (Fuhrman 1999; Wilhelm and Suttle 1999; Wommack and Colwell 2000). The two major viral reproductive strategies are lysogeny and lytic viral infection. In the lytic cycle, the (bacterio)phage forces the host metabolism to produce new phages, which are released during the lysis of the cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the lysogenic phage either enters the lytic cycle directly or the phage genome remains within the host in a dormant stage (prophage) and replicates along with the host until the lytic cycle is induced. In the pseudolysogenic life cycle, a fraction of the infected population is lysed (Ackermann and DuBow 1987); however, this has not been studied at the community level.Based on studies with isolated phage-host systems and using models, it was proposed that lysogeny is a survival strategy of phages at low host densities (Steward and Levin 1984). Consequently, reproduction of lytic phages should be 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Present address: Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), UMR 7093 CNRS-UPMC, BP 28, 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer (wein@ obs-vlfr.fr). AcknowledgmentsThe captains and the crews of R/V Thetys II and the R/V Aranda are gratefully acknowled...

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“…Such high retention efficiency of the Anodisc filter is likely due to the surface charge and/or fine sieve-like morphology (Jones et al 1989). In addition, bacterial abundance determined between 0.2 and 0.02 mm pore size Anodisc filters is statistically indistinguishable (Hara et al 1996, Shibata et al 2006. Considering these findings, the retention efficiency of bacterial cells on Anodisc filters can be regarded as being high regardless of pore size; hence, the observed higher bacterial abundance obtained with the SYBR Green I method than with the DAPI method could be due to the difference in filter type as well as pore size.…”

Section: Akiramentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Jones et al (1989) reported that bacterial abundance on the 0.2 mm pore size Anopore filter (renamed Anodisc filter) was 21 to 33% higher than that on the Nuclepore filter of the same pore size when pond water samples were stained with AO. Similarly, from seawater samples, up to 39% of higher bacterial abundance has been determined on the former filter than the latter filter (Hara et al 1996). Such high retention efficiency of the Anodisc filter is likely due to the surface charge and/or fine sieve-like morphology (Jones et al 1989).…”

Section: Akiramentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative difference in bacterial abundance determined with each protocol for SYBR Green I and 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) methods

Shibata

Imai

Hara

et al. 2007

Plankton Benthos Res

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Abundance of viruses in deep oceanic waters

Cited by 114 publications

References 26 publications

Links between viral and prokaryotic communities throughout the water column in the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean

Links between viral and prokaryotic communities throughout the water column in the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean

Lysogeny and virus‐induced mortality of bacterioplankton in surface, deep, and anoxic marine waters

Quantitative difference in bacterial abundance determined with each protocol for SYBR Green I and 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) methods

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