AC Corrosion

Nielsen, Lars Vendelbo

doi:10.1002/9781119019213.ch26

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Bread is a staple food that plays an important role in the Norwegian diet. The consumption of bread in Norway is 52 kg per person per year, which equates to a total of about 275,372 tonnes a year [3][4][5]. This is a relatively high volume when compared with other commensurate countries, although it must be noted that the World Health Organisation recommends an annual intake of 90 kg per person.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Packaging and Food Waste Prevention by Consumers on the Environmental Impact of Production and Consumption of Bread in Norway

2018

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Bread is a staple food in Norway, with a yearly per capita consumption of 52 kg. It is an important source of energy, dietary fibre and protein as well as certain minerals and vitamins. Previous studies have shown that bread has a relatively low environmental impact compared with other foods. Food waste studies, however, have shown that bread and other baked goods have a high wastage rate in Norway. On the basis of lower Norwegian wheat yields, it is therefore expected that the environmental impact of bread could be higher than in other European countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental impact of bread from cradle to grave, identify environmental hotspots, examine the role of packaging in bread waste and identify possible remediation measures with a particular focus on the post-farm value chain. The results showed that for every kilogram of bread consumed, the global warming potential was 0.99 kg CO2-eq, the eutrophication potential was 7.2 g PO4-eq, the acidification potential was 8.4 g SO2-eq and the cumulative energy demand was 18 MJ. The principal uncertainty within the calculation was the use of database data for the 21 ingredients. For example, the effect of soil mineralisation, which could give significant CO2 and N2O emissions, was not included because figures have only been quantified for a few ingredients and there is no international agreement on the methodology. The primary hotspot was the production of the ingredients, principally at the agricultural stage, while bread waste took the second place. The highest potential for the reduction of post-farm environmental impact lies in reducing product wastage at the retail and consumer stages. Consumers already employ strategies to reduce wastage, such as using extra packaging and freezing and toasting bread. This study shows that other consumer packaging solutions can keep the bread fresh for longer, thus reducing wastage and the need for the abovementioned consumer strategies. Nevertheless, other researches in this subject have shown that consumer preferences and behaviours play a significant role in the creation of bread waste, and this should therefore be taken into account when planning reduction measures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Packaging and Food Waste Prevention by Consumers on the Environmental Impact of Production and Consumption of Bread in Norway

2018

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“…The growth of organic production is also favored by the European Common Agricultural Policy, based on the consideration that it is more environmentally friendly. On the consumers' side, organic products are increasingly consumed, both on the basis of environmental concerns and on their reputation for being healthier and tastier (AC Nielsen, 2005; Torjusen et al, 2004). Agricultural area under organic production has grown in Europe (EU-15) from 2.3 million hectares in 1998 to 5.1 million hectares in 2003 to 7.8 million hectares in 2008 (Rohner-Thielen, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Price Premium for Organic Wines: Estimating a Hedonic Farm-Gate Price Equation

Corsi

Strøm

2013

J Wine Econ

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Organic wines are increasingly produced and appreciated. Since organic production is more costly, a crucial question is whether they benefit from a price premium. We estimate hedonic price functions for Piedmont organic and conventional wines. We use data on the production side in addition to variables of interest for consumers. Our results show that, along with characteristics of interest to consumers, some farm and producer characteristics not directly relevant for consumers do significantly affect wine prices. We find that organic wine tends to obtain higher prices than conventional wine. The price premium is not simply an addition to other price components, but organic quality modifies the impact of the other variables on price. (JEL classification: C21, D49, L11, Q12)

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“…3 In the last 30 y, several theories have been proposed to describe the mechanism by which AC produces and enhances corrosion of carbon steel. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Nevertheless, the corrosion mechanism, as well as the protection criteria, [16][17][18][19][20] in the presence of AC is still controversial and debated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electro-Mechanical Breakdown Mechanism of Passive Film in Ac-Related Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Cathodic Protection Condition

Brenna¹,

Ormellese²,

Lazzari³

2016

Corrosion

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Buried carbon steel pipe are provided with corrosion prevention systems, namely an insulating coating and a cathodic protection system which reduces (or halts) corrosion rate as a result of soil corrosiveness.The presence of alternating current (AC) interference may cause serious corrosion damages on metallic structures corresponding to coating defects, even if the -0.850 VCSE protection criterion is matched.Nowadays, the AC corrosion mechanism, as well as the protection criteria in the presence of AC, is still controversial and debated. In this paper, a two-step AC corrosion mechanism of carbon steel under cathodic protection condition is proposed: (1) AC causes the electromechanical breakdown of the passive film formed on carbon steel under overprotection condition, and (2) after passive film breakdown, high-pH chemical corrosion takes place. In order to investigate AC effects on passive condition (Step 1), experimental tests have been performed on stainless steels in neutral solution, as a result of its passive behavior: AC has harmful effects on passive condition, reducing anodic overpotential, and causing film breakdown over a critical AC interference level. The electromechanical oxide breakdown mechanism resulting from high alternating electric fields (of the order of 10 6 V/cm) within the passive film is proposed. Electrostriction stresses are a possible explanation. After film breakdown, corrosion can occur if the pH inside the crack is close to 14; this strong alkalization can be reached in overprotection condition (high cathodic current density) and in the presence of AC.

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AC Corrosion

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of Packaging and Food Waste Prevention by Consumers on the Environmental Impact of Production and Consumption of Bread in Norway

Effects of Packaging and Food Waste Prevention by Consumers on the Environmental Impact of Production and Consumption of Bread in Norway

The Price Premium for Organic Wines: Estimating a Hedonic Farm-Gate Price Equation

Electro-Mechanical Breakdown Mechanism of Passive Film in Ac-Related Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Cathodic Protection Condition

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