AC ripple effects on VRLA batteries in float applications

Nelson, Robert F.; Kepros, M.A.

doi:10.1109/bcaa.1999.796005

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…1(b)), Table I. In the concurrent operations of (i) DC voltage regulation and (ii) harmonic cancellation, the batteries of both types of DCES have to store the pulsating harmonic power, which will shorten the lifetime of batteries [24]- [27]. In this paper, a new version of the DCES termed as the hybrid-DCES (H-DCES) is proposed to overcome this drawback by decoupling the operations of (i) and (ii).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid-DC Electric Springs for DC Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Cancellation in DC Microgrids

Wang

Yan

Tan

2018

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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NOMENCLATURE ∆dDifference between D p and D n ω Angular frequency of the harmonic power.Output capacitor of the H-DCES. C min Minimum required capacitance of C 1 and C 2 . d ml Lower margin of the duty ratio. Energy of capacitor C 1 . f HP F Cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter G HP F . f LP F Cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter G LP F . G HP F Transfer function of the high-pass filter.Transfer function of the proportional-integral controller. G P R Transfer function of the quasi-proportional-resonant controller. I coCurrent of the non-critical load R N C .i max cMaximum current of the DC-link capacitor whenCurrent disturbances in the DC grid.Current of the inductor L N C . I sm Current flowing through the H-DCES. I tb Current flowing through the battery.Output filter inductor for the harmonic current. Voltage of the capacitor C 1 . Z sys Impedance of the DC grid.In this paper, unless otherwise noted, the capitalized variables with lower-case subscripts denote the combination of DC and AC signals, while the all-uppercase and all-lowercase variables 0885-8993 (c)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid-DC Electric Springs for DC Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Cancellation in DC Microgrids

Wang

Yan

Tan

2018

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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“…start up for fuel cells) which calls for a bi-directional power flow converter. Low voltage batteries are lower cost and higher ripple charging currents causing excess heat, and thermal runaway resulting in reduced battery lifetime [1]- [2]. Hence, high gain ratio and low ripple bi-directional converter is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-directional converter with low input/output current ripple for renewable energy applications

Fardoun

Ismail

Sabzali

et al. 2011

2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition

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In this paper, a new wide conversion ratio step-up /down bi-directional converter is presented. The proposed converter is derived from the conventional Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) topology and it can operate into a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier, which offers simple structure, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and reduced semiconductors' voltage stresses. Other advantages include: continuous input/output current, extended step-up and step-down voltage conversion ratio without extreme low or high duty-cycle, simple control circuitry, and near zero input and output current ripples compared to other converter topologies. The low current ripple and high gain features result in a longer life-span and lower cost of the energy storage battery system. The theoretical analysis results obtained with the proposed structure are compared with other bi-direction converter topologies. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed bi-directional converter.

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“…However, there is a mature experience about lead-acid batteries in the literature and in the market [6,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Hence, this experience can give the designer of the charger an idea about the limits on voltage and also current ripples.…”

Section: Battery Charging Security and Charging Power Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• C causes half of the lifetime of the battery to vanish [40,42], 2) each degree C rise in battery temperature can decrease calendar life by around 10% [6], 3) maximum allowable temperature increase should be around 3-5…”

Section: Battery Charging Security and Charging Power Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

Kisacikoglu¹,

Bedir²,

Ozpineci³

et al. 2012

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Executive SummaryMore battery powered electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) will be introduced to the market in 2011 and beyond. Since these vehicles have large batteries that need to be charged from an external power source or directly from the grid, their batteries, charging circuits, charging stations/infrastructures, and grid interconnection issues are garnering more attention. This report summarizes information regarding the batteries used in PHEVs, different types of chargers, charging standards and circuits, and compares different topologies. Furthermore, it includes a list of vehicles that are going to be in the market soon with information on their charging and energy storage equipment. A summary of different standards governing charging circuits and charging stations concludes the report.There are several battery types that are available for PHEVs; however, the most popular ones have nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) chemistries. The former one is being used in current hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), but the latter will be used in most of the PHEVs and EVs due to higher energy densities and higher efficiencies. The chargers can be classified based on the circuit topologies (dedicated or integrated), location of the charger (either on or off the vehicle), connection (conductive, inductive/wireless, and mechanical), electrical waveform (direct current (dc) or alternating current (ac)), and the direction of power flow (unidirectional or bidirectional). The first PHEVs typically will have dedicated, on-board, unidirectional chargers that will have conductive connections to the charging stations or wall outlets and will be charged using either dc or ac. In the near future, bidirectional chargers might also be used in these vehicles once the benefits of practical vehicle to grid applications are realized.The terms charger and charging station cause terminology confusion. To prevent misunderstandings, a more descriptive term of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is used instead of charging station. The charger is the power conversion equipment that connects the battery to the grid or another power source, while EVSE refers to external ii equipment between the grid or other power source and the vehicle. EVSE might include conductors, connectors, attachment plugs, microprocessors, energy measurement devices, transformers, etc. Presently, there are more than 40 companies that are producing EVSEs.There are several standards and codes regarding conductive and inductive chargers and EVSEs from the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), the Underwriter Laboratories (UL), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the National Electric Code (NEC). The two main standards from SAE describe the requirements for conductive and inductive coupled chargers and the charging levels. For inductive coupled charging, three levels are specified: Level 1 (120 V and 12 A, single-phase), Level 2 (208 V-240 V and 32 A, single-phase), and Level 3 (208-600 V and ...

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AC ripple effects on VRLA batteries in float applications

Cited by 22 publications

References 8 publications

Hybrid-DC Electric Springs for DC Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Cancellation in DC Microgrids

Hybrid-DC Electric Springs for DC Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Cancellation in DC Microgrids

Bi-directional converter with low input/output current ripple for renewable energy applications

PHEV-EV Charger Technology Assessment with an Emphasis on V2G Operation

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