“…The case of Malaysian academics suggested that, like in many other countries in Asia, academics in Malaysian universities were less influential in helping to shape policies at the institutional level and their academic activities became more regulated and controlled by government policies (Azman et al, 2009). Among new research into the challenges facing Asian academics, Ahmed (2020) focused on examining the issue of academic integrity in Asia and the Middle East and presenting the challenges the academics in the region were confronted with, and suggesting strategies that can be implemented. Further, the existing literature shows that the challenges facing the academic profession not only occur in emerging and underdeveloped countries such as central and eastern European countries and the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, China and India), but they have also expanded to advanced systems like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia (Altbach, 2003b; Altbach et al., 2013; Smolentseva, 2003).…”