“…A popular method for teaching Indigenous languages is through immersion programs (Pitawanakwat, 2018). Immersion programs have proven useful -even critical -for producing highly proficient speakers in Te Reo Māori (Bishop, Berryman & Richardson, 2002), Anishinabemowin (Gordon, 2009;Pitawanakwat, 2018), Cherokee (Peter, Hirata-Edds, Feeling, Kirk, Mackey & Duncan, 2017), Kanien'kéha (Maracle, 2001;Maracle, 2002), Gaeilge (Ó Muircheartaigh & Hickey, 2008) and in many other minority and endangered language communities. Practices differ, but the main element of immersion programs is providing a space where the target language is used and spoken almost exclusively.…”