Accelerate ageing on building stone materials by simulating daily, seasonal thermo-hygrometric conditions and solar radiation of Csa Mediterranean climate

Sitzia, Fabio; Lisci, Carla; Mirão, José

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121009

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Sitzia et al [24] Sandstone, limestone, marble, lavic rocks Rainwater, groundwater, thermal water, seawater (a sequence of increasing values of total dissolved solids) For a given rock type, comparisons were only made between rainwater and one of the other solutions, with rainwater presenting lower mass loss in all cases but one concerning specimens from a volcanic rock (rhyolite) where mass loss with rainwater was higher than with thermal water. The highest mass loss was observed in the sandstone test with seawater (4.79%).…”

Section: Ref Rock Types Solutions Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies

et al. 2021

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Natural stone is an important component of historical heritage (buildings and art objects such as sculptures or rock engravings), and it is still widely used in contemporary works. Soluble salts are the main erosive agent in the built environment, and we review here comparative studies that subject the same rock type to testing with different salt solutions. The results mostly support the accepted notion of the major impact of sodium sulphate, although there are some exceptions. The effects of sodium chloride and calcium sulphate deserve specific discussion given field information on the relevance of these specific salts in the built environment. We relate the information collected to the issues of risk assessment (considering both geochemical conditions and salt effects) and conservation interventions (highlighting the interest of tests that do not produce damage to susceptible materials) and present some methodological suggestions to avoid a case study culture.

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Section: Ref Rock Types Solutions Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies

et al. 2021

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“…However, if the limestone was imported from the ancient city of Karalis, then at least two types of limestones with different degrees of clay content and therefore hydraulicity would have been transported. It has been demonstrated that the limestones of Karalis quarries have a clay content of 5-15% in biomicrite [43] and 0-2% in biolitite [14].…”

Section: 8%mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper also focuses on the physical characteristics of the mortars including, for example, the particle size distribution of the aggregates, which principally influences the mechanical strength of the material [14,15]. Due to legal and ethical restrictions, it is not possible to collect large amounts of mortars from the monuments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro Destructive Analysis for the Characterization of Ancient Mortars: A Case Study from the Little Roman Bath of Nora (Sardinia, Italy)

et al. 2021

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In this work, a protocol of a partially invasive sampling for the archaeometric characterization of ancient mortars from the little Roman Bath of Nora (Sardinia, Italy) is presented. Optical microscopy and different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and physical/mechanical tests have been carried out on the mortars. These analyses were performed to investigate the chemical composition, alteration products, and binder pozzolanic activity. An innovative method of image analysis has been tested to obtain information about the size and shape of both the mortar aggregates and the binder/aggregate ratio. This new particle-size analysis has two different advantages: (i) it saves a huge volume of material compared to a classic granulometric classification through its use of a sieve and (ii) is eco-friendly in respect to the environment by saving a large volume of liquid waste derived from the acid attack for the separation of the insoluble aggregate from the soluble binder, as would be done for a common sieving. Results show a local provenance of the aggregates. The use of two different limestones for the mortars’ binder production was detected and probably this raw material belongs to the nearby Roman town of Karales (current day Cagliari).

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“…These fragments have been recognized as local biomicrites and biolitites. These stones were also employed for realizing the Basilica ashlars [32,33].…”

Section: Macroscopic Observations Optical Mineralogy and Sem-eds Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The San Saturnino Basilica (Cagliari, Italy): An Up-Close Investigation about the Archaeological Stratigraphy of Mortars from the Roman to the Middle Ages

Sitzia

2021

Heritage

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The manufacturing technology of historical mortars from the Roman to Medieval period apparently has not undergone evolutions. As reported in the literature, a quality decrease in the raw material occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire. During the Roman Age, the mortars presented the requirements of long durability due to hydraulic characteristics, and in later times, the production has only partially maintained the ancient requirements. To focus on the different production technologies between Roman and Medieval mortar, this research presents the case study of San Saturnino Basilica (Italy), where an archaeological mortar stratigraphy from Roman to Middle Ages is well preserved. An archaeometric characterization was performed to compare the mortars of the Roman period with the mortars of the Medieval period collected from the case-study monument. This comparison was carried out by measuring some physical-mechanical, mineralogical, petrographic and thermal features that give more information about the durability and resistance to mechanical solicitations and weathering. After the characterizations, contrary to what is reported in the bibliography, a better quality of Medieval materials than Roman ones is pointed out. This has been highlighted by higher hydraulicity, mechanical performance, and a more appropriated particle-size distribution of aggregates.

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Accelerate ageing on building stone materials by simulating daily, seasonal thermo-hygrometric conditions and solar radiation of Csa Mediterranean climate

Cited by 40 publications

References 58 publications

Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies

Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies

Micro Destructive Analysis for the Characterization of Ancient Mortars: A Case Study from the Little Roman Bath of Nora (Sardinia, Italy)

The San Saturnino Basilica (Cagliari, Italy): An Up-Close Investigation about the Archaeological Stratigraphy of Mortars from the Roman to the Middle Ages

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