Accelerated Cell Death in
            <i>Podospora</i>
            Autophagy Mutants

Pinan‐Lucarré, Bérangère; Balguerie, Axelle; Clavé, Corinne

doi:10.1128/ec.4.11.1765-1774.2005

Cited by 107 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Null mutants of the idi-7/PaATG8 gene (the orthologue of S. cerevisiae ATG8) form fewer aerial hyphae and no protoperithecia (27). Furthermore, a null mutant of PaATG1 (the orthologue of S. cerevisiae ATG1) shows the same defects as those of the ⌬idi-7/PaATG8 mutants (26). However, studies on autophagy and the identification of the genes involved have not been reported in deuteromycetes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Additionally, in Caenorhabditis elegans, atg mutations result in abnormal dauer development, which is also induced by starvation, overcrowding, high temperature and so on (17). Recent studies have suggested that autophagy might participate in diseases such as cancer, liver disease, muscular disorder, and neurodegeneration (31) and protect from infection by bacterial pathogens (e.g., group A Streptococcus and Shigella) (20,22).In filamentous fungi, the processes of autophagy have been observed and studied for Podospora anserina (26,27). In this species, autophagy is induced during cell death by incompatibility, which occurs when cells of different genotypes fuse.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, some spherical structures were seen in the center of the ring-like and cup-shaped structures in differential interference contrast (DIC) images. In P. anserina, lipid bodies are accumulated during cell death by incompatibility (26). The spherical structures accumulated under starvation conditions or during treatment with rapamycin in CEDA8 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In filamentous fungi, the processes of autophagy have been observed and studied for Podospora anserina (26,27). In this species, autophagy is induced during cell death by incompatibility, which occurs when cells of different genotypes fuse.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Ao atg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

et al. 2006

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Autophagy is a well-known degradation system, induced by nutrient starvation, in which cytoplasmic components and organelles are digested via vacuoles/lysosomes. Recently, it was reported that autophagy is involved in the turnover of cellular components, development, differentiation, immune responses, protection against pathogens, and cell death. In this study, we isolated the ATG8 gene homologue Aoatg8 from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae and visualized autophagy by the expression of DsRed2-AoAtg8 and enhanced green fluorescent protein-AoAtg8 fusion proteins in this fungus. While the fusion proteins were localized in dot structures which are preautophagosomal structure-like structures under normal growth conditions, starvation or rapamycin treatment caused their accumulation in vacuoles. DsRed2 expressed in the cytoplasm was also taken up into vacuoles under starvation conditions or during the differentiation of conidiophores and conidial germination. Deletion mutants of Aoatg8 did not form aerial hyphae and conidia, and DsRed2 was not localized in vacuoles under starvation conditions, indicating that Aoatg8 is essential for autophagy. Furthermore, Aoatg8 conditional mutants showed delayed conidial germination in the absence of nitrogen sources. These results suggest that autophagy functions in both the differentiation of aerial hyphae and in conidial germination in A. oryzae.Autophagy is a protein degradation system that is conserved in eukaryotic cells and used to recycle macromolecules and aid cell survival under nutritional starvation conditions (12, 13). When autophagy is induced, bulk cytoplasm and/or organelles are sequestered within double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes. The outer membranes of the autophagosomes then fuse to the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane and deliver single-membrane vesicles, called autophagic bodies, into the lumina of the vacuoles/lysosomes. The subsequent breakdown of the vesicle membranes allows the degradation of the contents of the autophagic bodies by vacuolar hydrolases. ATG8 is an autophagy-related gene found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that plays an important role in the formation of autophagosomes (9). Atg8 is localized in the membranes of preautophagosomal structures (PAS), autophagosomes, and autophagic bodies and has therefore been used as a marker of these organelles (33).In addition to helping cells to survive starvation, autophagy is involved in stress-induced differentiation and development. In S. cerevisiae diploid cells, atg mutations block starvationinduced sporulation (34). In Dictyostelium discoideum, starvation, overcrowding, and high temperature induce the formation of fruiting bodies and atg mutations block these multicellular developmental processes (25). Additionally, in Caenorhabditis elegans, atg mutations result in abnormal dauer development, which is also induced by starvation, overcrowding, high temperature and so on (17). Recent studies have suggested that autophagy might participate in diseases such as cancer, liver disease, muscula...

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mentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Ao atg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

et al. 2006

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“…An alternative hypothesis is that PCD by incompatibility is similar to Type II PCD or autophagy, where cells undergoing autophagy display morphological features such as vacuolization and cell lysis (Marek et al, 2003;Pinan-Lucarré et al, 2003;Pinan-Lucarré et al, 2007). Although both types of cell death could be involved in this process, autophagy has been suggested as merely a consequence of PCD by incompatibility and that it does not represent an actual mechanism of PCD (Pinan-Lucarré et al, 2005). Thus, even though PCD associated with vegetative incompatibility represents one of the best studied forms of PCD in fungi, the exact mechanism of how cell death by incompatibility is activated remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression associated with vegetative incompatibility in Amylostereum areolatum

Nest¹,

Steenkamp²,

Slippers³

et al. 2011

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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In filamentous fungi, vegetative compatibility among individuals of the same species is determined by the genes encoded at the heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci. The hyphae of genetically similar individuals that share the same allelic specificities at their het loci are able to fuse and intermingle, while different allelic specificities at the het loci result in cell death of the interacting hyphae. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) followed by pyrosequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were used to identify genes that are selectively expressed when vegetatively incompatible individuals of Amylostereum areolatum interact. The SSH library contained genes associated with various cellular processes, including cell-cell adhesion, stress and defence responses, as well as cell death. Some of the transcripts encoded proteins that were previously implicated in the stress and defence responses associated with vegetative incompatibility. Other transcripts encoded proteins known to be associated with programmed cell death, but have not previously been linked with vegetative incompatibility.Results of this study have considerably increased our knowledge of the processes underlying vegetative incompatibility in Basidiomycetes in general and A. areolatum in particular.

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Fungal incompatibility: Evolutionary origin in pathogen defense?

2009

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In fungi, cell fusion between genetically unlike individuals triggers a cell death reaction known as the incompatibility reaction. In Podospora anserina, the genes controlling this process belong to a gene family encoding STAND proteins with an N-terminal cell death effector domain, a central NACHT domain and a C-terminal WD-repeat domain. These incompatibility genes are extremely polymorphic, subject to positive Darwinian selection and display a remarkable genetic plasticity allowing for constant diversification of the WD-repeat domain responsible for recognition of non-self. Remarkably, the architecture of these proteins is related to pathogen-recognition receptors ensuring innate immunity in plants and animals. Here, we hypothesize that these P. anserina incompatibility genes could be components of a yet-unidentified innate immune system of fungi. As already proposed in the case of plant hybrid necrosis or graft rejection in mammals, incompatibility could be a by-product of pathogen-driven divergence in host defense genes.

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Accelerated Cell Death in Podospora Autophagy Mutants

Cited by 107 publications

References 53 publications

Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Ao atg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Ao atg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

Gene expression associated with vegetative incompatibility in Amylostereum areolatum

Fungal incompatibility: Evolutionary origin in pathogen defense?

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