“…In addition, it seems well-established now that the latter seem to have an effect on the former. Although a large recent study suggested that HIV-1 infection may cause accentuated but not accelerated aging , many others have presented evidence of accelerated aging in chronically HIV-1-infected populations (Angelovich et al, 2015;Cassol et al, 2014;Chou et al, 2013;Gianesin et al, 2016;Horvath and Levine, 2015;Levine et al, 2016;Martin et al, 2013;Pathai et al, 2013Pathai et al, , 2014Pfefferbaum et al, 2014;Schrack et al, 2015), involving multiple immune system-and CNS-related functional deficits. This review highlighted the many commonalities between functional changes of microglia during HIV-1 infection and during aging, including cellular activation, arrested cell cycle progression and altered cellular metabolism.…”