Accelerated phase‐contrast MR imaging: Comparison of k‐t BLAST with SENSE and doppler ultrasound for velocity and flow measurements in the aorta

Stadlbauer, Andreas; Riet, Wilma van der; Globits, Sebastian; Crelier, Gérard; Salomonowitz, Erich

doi:10.1002/jmri.21706

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This is in consensus with previous studies applied in human medicine, which could show temporal blurring with k-t BLAST acceleration for stroke volume (Stadlbauer et al, 2009;Stadlbauer et al, 2010;Carlsson et al, 2011;van Ooij et al, 2013). This effect can be explained, as stroke volume is the sum of flow volumes over all heart phases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…A first step generates an under-sampled image that would exhibit multiple fold-over artifacts if reconstructed conventionally. A second step, the training stage acquires an estimate of the novel, moving parts in the image and allows reconstruction of the image without aliasing (Stadlbauer et al, 2009;Attili et al, 2010;Stadlbauer et al, 2010;Carlsson et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole-heart 4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy dogs

Pfammatter

Campagna

Toaldo

et al. 2018

SAT

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In cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), accurate flow measurements rely on perpendicular plane-alignment with flow direction. For 2D phase contrast (PC) cardiac magnetic resonance measurements, planes have to be defined during the examination of the heart, which is time consuming and error-prone. Collection of flow information of the entire volume of the heart by a 4D flow CMR postpones plane alignment to post-processing. Sampling of such a large amount of data requires acceleration of data acquisition with techniques such as SENSitivity Encoding (k-t SENSE) or Broad-use Linear Acquisition Speed-up Technique (k-t BLAST). Objectives of the study were to compare 4D flow CMR, accelerated with two different acceleration methods with the established 2D PC CMR based on assessment of stroke volume at all four cardiac valves. The values of stroke volume acquired with the 4D flow CMR SENSE did not differ significantly when compared to the 2D PC CMR SENSE at the left side of the heart (aortic and mitral valve). Significant differences between the techniques were seen at the pulmonic and tricuspid valves. Acceleration with k-t BLAST revealed significantly lower values of stroke volume at all cardiac valves, except at the mitral valve. AbstractIn cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), accurate flow measurements rely on perpendicular plane-alignment with flow direction. For 2D phase contrast (PC) cardiac magnetic resonance measurements, planes have to be defined during the examination of the heart, which is time consuming and error-prone. Collection of flow information of the entire volume of the heart by a 4D flow CMR postpones plane alignment to post-processing. Sampling of such a large amount of data requires acceleration of data acquisition with techniques such as SENSitivity Encoding (k-t SENSE) or Broad-use Linear Acquisition Speed-up Technique (k-t BLAST). Objectives of the study were to compare 4D flow CMR, accelerated with two different acceleration methods with the established 2D PC CMR based on assessment of stroke volume at all four cardiac valves. The values of stroke volume acquired with the 4D flow CMR SENSE did not differ significantly when compared to the 2D PC CMR SENSE at the left side of the heart (aortic and mitral valve). Significant differences between the techniques were seen at the pulmonic and tricuspid valves. Acceleration with k-t BLAST revealed significantly lower values of stroke volume at all cardiac valves, except at the mitral valve.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-heart 4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy dogs

Pfammatter

Campagna

Toaldo

et al. 2018

SAT

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“…Knowledge about the high degree of redundancy in phase contrast velocity data has fuelled efforts to acquire Cartesian undersampled time-resolved data using parallel imaging or a combination of parallel imaging and spatiotemporal constraints [10-12]. These techniques have been limited by temporal blurring artefacts when using undersampling factors larger than 5 in both time-resolved 3D [13-15] and 2D phase-contrast CMR [11,16]. Recent improvements of reconstruction algorithms dedicated to phase-contrast imaging have enabled acceleration factors greater than 5 for 3D phase-contrast CMR of the carotid bifurcation [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards highly accelerated Cartesian time-resolved 3D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the clinical setting

Giese

Wong

Greil

et al. 2014

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

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BackgroundThe clinical applicability of time-resolved 3D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) remains compromised by the long scan times associated with phase-contrast imaging. The present work demonstrates the applicability of 8-fold acceleration of Cartesian time-resolved 3D flow CMR in 10 volunteers and in 9 patients with different congenital heart diseases (CHD). It is demonstrated that accelerated 3D flow CMR data acquisition and image reconstruction using k-t PCA (principal component analysis) can be implemented into clinical workflow and results are sufficiently accurate relative to conventional 2D flow CMR to permit for comprehensive flow quantification in CHD patients.MethodsThe fidelity of k-t PCA was first investigated on retrospectively undersampled data for different acceleration factors and compared to k-t SENSE and fully sampled reference data. Subsequently, k-t PCA with 8-fold nominal undersampling was applied on 10 healthy volunteers and 9 CHD patients on a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner. Quantitative flow validation was performed in vessels of interest on the 3D flow datasets and compared to 2D through-plane flow acquisitions. Particle trace analysis was used to qualitatively visualise flow patterns in patients.ResultsAccelerated time-resolved 3D flow data were successfully acquired in all subjects with 8-fold nominal scan acceleration. Nominal scan times excluding navigator efficiency were on the order of 6 min and 7 min in patients and volunteers. Mean differences in stroke volume in selected vessels of interest were 2.5 ± 8.4 ml and 1.63 ± 4.8 ml in volunteers and patients, respectively. Qualitative flow pattern analysis in the time-resolved 3D dataset revealed valuable insights into hemodynamics including circular and helical patterns as well as flow distributions and origin in the Fontan circulation.ConclusionHighly accelerated time-resolved 3D flow using k-t PCA is readily applicable in clinical routine protocols of CHD patients. Nominal scan times of 6 min are well tolerated and allow for quantitative and qualitative flow assessment in all great vessels.

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“…k-t BLAST (Broad-use Linear Speed-up technique) is a method employed to reduces scan time using under-sampling of data in k-t space [8] and this technique has been used to accelerate 2D-flow measurements in vivo [9,10]. The 4D-flow application for k-t BLAST was described in a phantom by Marshall [11] and recently Stadlbauer et al found limitations with temporal blurring when comparing k-t BLAST with SENSE acceleration for 4D aortic flow measurements at 1.5 T [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification and visualization of cardiovascular 4D velocity mapping accelerated with parallel imaging or k-t BLAST: head to head comparison and validation at 1.5 T and 3 T

Carlsson

Töger

Kanski

et al. 2011

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

106

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BackgroundThree-dimensional time-resolved (4D) phase-contrast (PC) CMR can visualize and quantify cardiovascular flow but is hampered by long acquisition times. Acceleration with SENSE or k-t BLAST are two possibilities but results on validation are lacking, especially at 3 T. The aim of this study was therefore to validate quantitative in vivo cardiac 4D-acquisitions accelerated with parallel imaging and k-t BLAST at 1.5 T and 3 T with 2D-flow as the reference and to investigate if field strengths and type of acceleration have major effects on intracardiac flow visualization.MethodsThe local ethical committee approved the study. 13 healthy volunteers were scanned at both 1.5 T and 3 T in random order with 2D-flow of the aorta and main pulmonary artery and two 4D-flow sequences of the heart accelerated with SENSE and k-t BLAST respectively. 2D-image planes were reconstructed at the aortic and pulmonary outflow. Flow curves were calculated and peak flows and stroke volumes (SV) compared to the results from 2D-flow acquisitions. Intra-cardiac flow was visualized using particle tracing and image quality based on the flow patterns of the particles was graded using a four-point scale.ResultsGood accuracy of SV quantification was found using 3 T 4D-SENSE (r2 = 0.86, -0.7 ± 7.6%) and although a larger bias was found on 1.5 T (r2 = 0.71, -3.6 ± 14.8%), the difference was not significant (p = 0.46). Accuracy of 4D k-t BLAST for SV was lower (p < 0.01) on 1.5 T (r2 = 0.65, -15.6 ± 13.7%) compared to 3 T (r2 = 0.64, -4.6 ± 10.0%). Peak flow was lower with 4D-SENSE at both 3 T and 1.5 T compared to 2D-flow (p < 0.01) and even lower with 4D k-t BLAST at both scanners (p < 0.01). Intracardiac flow visualization did not differ between 1.5 T and 3 T (p = 0.09) or between 4D-SENSE or 4D k-t BLAST (p = 0.85).ConclusionsThe present study showed that quantitative 4D flow accelerated with SENSE has good accuracy at 3 T and compares favourably to 1.5 T. 4D flow accelerated with k-t BLAST underestimate flow velocities and thereby yield too high bias for intra-cardiac quantitative in vivo use at the present time. For intra-cardiac 4D-flow visualization, however, 1.5 T and 3 T as well as SENSE or k-t BLAST can be used with similar quality.

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Accelerated phase‐contrast MR imaging: Comparison of k‐t BLAST with SENSE and doppler ultrasound for velocity and flow measurements in the aorta

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Whole-heart 4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy dogs

Whole-heart 4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance in healthy dogs

Towards highly accelerated Cartesian time-resolved 3D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the clinical setting

Quantification and visualization of cardiovascular 4D velocity mapping accelerated with parallel imaging or k-t BLAST: head to head comparison and validation at 1.5 T and 3 T

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