Accelerating cough-based algorithms for pulmonary tuberculosis screening: Results from the CODA TB DREAM Challenge

Abstract

Importance. Open-access data challenges have the potential to accelerate innovation in artificial-intelligence (AI)-based tools for global health. A specimen-free rapid triage method for TB is a global health priority. Objective. To develop and validate cough sound-based AI algorithms for tuberculosis (TB) through the Cough Diagnostic Algorithm for Tuberculosis (CODA TB) DREAM challenge. Design. In this diagnostic study, participating teams were provided cough-sound and clinical and demographic data. They were asked to develop AI models over a four-month period, and then submit the algorithms for independent validation. Setting. Data was collected using smartphones from outpatient clinics in India, Madagascar, the Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam. Participants. We included data from 2,143 adults who were consecutively enrolled with at least two weeks of cough. Data were randomly split evenly into training and test partitions. Exposures. Standard TB evaluation was completed, including Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and culture. At least three solicited coughs were recorded using the Hyfe Research app. Main Outcomes and Measures. We invited teams to develop models using 1) cough sound features only and/or 2) cough sound features with routinely available clinical data to classify microbiologically confirmed TB disease. Models were ranked by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and partial AUROC (pAUROC) to achieve at least 80% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Results. Eleven cough models were submitted, as well as six cough-plus-clinical models. AUROCs for cough models ranged from 0.69-0.74, and the highest performing model achieved 55.5% specificity (95% CI 47.7-64.2) at 80% sensitivity. The addition of clinical data improved AUROCs (range 0.78-0.83), five of the six submitted models reached the target pAUROC, and highest performing model had 73.8% (95% CI 60.8-80.0) specificity at 80% sensitivity. In post-challenge subgroup analyses, AUROCs varied by country, and was higher among males and HIV-negative individuals. The probability of TB classification correlated with Xpert Ultra semi-quantitative levels. Conclusions and Relevance. In a short period, new and independently validated cough-based TB algorithms were developed through an open-source and transparent process. Open-access data challenges can rapidly advance and improve AI-based tools for global health.