“…For S500 and S600, the new peaks appearing at 229.34, 233.19, 230.41, and 234.95 eV are assigned to Mo 4+ 3d 5/2 , Mo 4+ 3d 3/2 , Mo 5+ 3d 5/2 , and Mo 5+ 3d 3/2 , respectively. ,, This suggests the transformation of large amounts of Ni-MoO 3 to Ni-MoO 2 , consistent with the XRD results. In addition, two other weak peaks at 228.07 and 232.17 eV in S600 can be assigned to Mo 0 3d 5/2 and Mo 0 3d 3/2 , respectively, , implying the formation of metallic Mo in Ni-MoO 2 . As the temperature is increased up to 700 °C, the peaks at 228.07 and 232.17 eV corresponding to Mo 0 3d 5/2 and Mo 0 3d 3/2 become sharp, indicating the formation of large amounts of metallic Ni–Mo in S700, which is in accordance with the XRD results.…”