Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of<sup>36</sup>Cl Produced by Neutrons from the Hiroshima Bomb

Kato, Kazúo; Habara, Minoru; Yoshizawa, Yasukazu; Biebel, Ulrich; Haberstock, Günther; Heinzl, J.; Korschinek, G.; Morinaga, H.; Nolte, E.

doi:10.1080/09553009014552011

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is of note that the 36 Cl/Cl ratios in the upper part of the gravestone for the Niitani family were lower than that calculated based on the DS02 15,27) .…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Measurements and Calculationscontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…In the gran-ite fence, the measured 36 Cl/Cl ratio was 63% of that calculated based on the DS02 15,29) . The 36 Cl/Cl ratio previously measured in the tombstone for sample C was 68% of the ratio calculated based on the DS02 27) . On the other hand, the present 152 Eu/Eu ratio in sample C is scarcely different from that calculated based on the DS02.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Measurements and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 61%

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Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Kato

Kikkawa²,

Iwamoto

2009

Radiat. Safety. Manag.

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Precise 152 Eu gamma-ray measurements in the granite samples exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb require concentrating the europium (Eu) and excluding natural radioisotopes. In this study, an ion exchange method was applied for isolating Eu ions from granite samples at 56 m, 502 m and 818 m distances from the hypocenter. Although the Eu samples included 232 Th atoms, the 152 Eu 344 keV gamma-ray full energy peaks were scarcely affected by the gamma rays from the radioisotopes of the thorium series. Almost all of the radioisotopes in the uranium and actinium series were removed. The Eu contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The 152 Eu specific radioactivities in the samples at 56 m and 502 m were higher than those inferred from the DS02 calculations. In the sample at 818 m, the measured value was in agreement with the calculated value based on the DS02. Estimations of the atomic bomb radiation doses are necessary for many investigations which attempt to decide the acceptable levels of radiation risk to the public and workers. The results in the present study will be useful for studying the uncertainties of the estimated atomic bomb radiation doses.

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“…It is of note that the 36 Cl/Cl ratios in the upper part of the gravestone for the Niitani family were lower than that calculated based on the DS02 15,27) .…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Measurements and Calculationscontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Comparison With Previous Measurements and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Kato

Kikkawa²,

Iwamoto

2009

Radiat. Safety. Manag.

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“…60 Co, 152 Eu, and 154 Eu were measured by gamma-spectroscopy [60,69,70]. In this gravestone, two further radioisotopes, 36 Cl and 41 Ca with half-lives of 3 · 10 5 years and 10 5 years, respectively, could be determined for the first time [65,[71][72][73]. The cross-sections of the (n,γ) reactions for these five radionuclides depend differently on energy -due to resonances in the epithermal energy region -which permitted an assessment of the energy spectrum of the neutrons at the location of the gravestone.…”

Section: Developments After the Release Of Ds86mentioning

confidence: 95%

The dosimetry system DS86 and the neutron discrepancy in Hiroshima - historical review, present status, and future options

Rühm¹,

Kellerer²,

Korschinek

et al. 1998

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics

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The historical development of the dosimetry systems for Hiroshima and Nagasaki is outlined from the time immediately after the A-bomb explosions to the publication of the dosimetry system DS86 in 1987, and the present status of the so-called Hiroshima neutron discrepancy is summarized. Several long-lived radionuclides are discussed with regard to their production by neutrons from the A-bomb explosions. With the exception of 63Ni, these radionuclides have not, up to now, been measured in samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Two of them, 63Ni in copper samples and 39Ar in granite samples, were predominantly produced by fast neutrons. 63Ni can be determined by accelerator mass spectrometry with a gas-filled analyzing magnet. It should be measurable, in the near future, in copper samples up to 1500 m from the hypocenter in Hiroshima. 39Ar can be measured in terms of low-level beta-counting. This should be feasible up to a distance of about 1000 m from the hypocenter. Three radionuclides, 10Be, 14C, and 59Ni, were produced predominantly by thermal neutrons with smaller fractions due to the epithermal and fast neutrons, which contribute increasingly more at larger distances from the hypocenter. State-of-the-art accelerator mass spectrometry is likely to permit the determination of 10Be close to the hypocenter and of 14C up to a distance of about 1000 m. 59Ni should be detectable up to a distance of about 1000 m in terms of accelerator mass spectrometry with a gas-filled magnet. The measurements of 10Be, 14C, 39Ar, 59Ni -- and potentially of 131Xe -- can be performed in the same granitic sample that was already analyzed for 36Cl, 41Ca, 6Co, 152Eu, and 154Eu. This will provide extensive information on the neutron spectrum at the specified location, and similarly complete analyses can conceivably be performed on granite samples at other locations.

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“…The U.S. group took the lead role in the theoretical (calculations) approach, and the Japanese group took the lead in the experimental (measurements) approach. Besides critical examinations of past 152 Eu data, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) of 36 Cl (half-life ϭ 3.0 ϫ 10 5 y) of atomic bomb-exposed samples had already been performed in the U.S. (Straume et al 1992) and Germany (Kato et al 1990;Rühm et al 1992). The 63 Ni induced in copper samples by the fast neutron reaction 63 Cu(n,p) 63 Ni was also discussed in workshops (Shibata et al 1994;Straume et al 1994;McAninch et al 1997;Rühm et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

ATOMIC BOMB INDUCED 152Eu: RECONCILIATION OF DISCREPANCY BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION

Komura

Hoshi²,

Endo³

et al. 2007

Health Physics

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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of³⁶Cl Produced by Neutrons from the Hiroshima Bomb

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

The dosimetry system DS86 and the neutron discrepancy in Hiroshima - historical review, present status, and future options

ATOMIC BOMB INDUCED 152Eu: RECONCILIATION OF DISCREPANCY BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION

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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of36Cl Produced by Neutrons from the Hiroshima Bomb

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

Exclusion of natural radioisotopes for measurements of 152Eu in granites exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb

The dosimetry system DS86 and the neutron discrepancy in Hiroshima - historical review, present status, and future options

ATOMIC BOMB INDUCED 152Eu: RECONCILIATION OF DISCREPANCY BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION

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Accelerator Mass Spectrometry of³⁶Cl Produced by Neutrons from the Hiroshima Bomb