“…Persons who use substances participate in behaviors that place them and others at substantial risk for these infections (Bachmann et al, 2000;Battjes et al, 1995;Belongia et al, 1997;Booth et al, 1993;Broers et al, 1998;Chiasson et al, 1991;Fortenberry et al, 1999;Francis, 2003;Garfein et al, 1998;Lorvich et al, 2001;Plitt et al, 2005;Poulin et al, 1999;Thomas et al, 1995;Zylberberg & Pol, 1996). Substance abuse treatment or various services provided in the mix of services in substance abuse treatments have been demonstrated to be important tools in developing effective responses to reduce the transmission of these infections (Brown, Chu, Nemoto, Ajuluchukwu, & Primm, 1989;Cooper, 1989;Hartel & Schoenbaum, 1998;Hubbard, Marsden, Cavanaugh, Rachal, & Ginsburg, 1988;Lally et al, 2002Lally et al, , 2005Metzger, Navaline, & Woody, 1998;Sorensen & Copeland, 2000). Determining that relevant services exist represents an important prerequisite to assessing effectiveness.…”