Acceptance and Expressed Emotion in Mexican American Caregivers of Relatives with Schizophrenia

Dorian, Marina; García, Jorge I. Ramírez; López, Steven R.; Hernández, Brenda

doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00249.x

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with Breitborde et al (2009), andKyriacou, Treasure, andSchmidt's (2008) results in other psychiatric samples. Longitudinal evidence in other psychiatric contexts suggest that family members who over-identify with the patient may become more anxious and depressed due to the increased stress, burden (Alvarez-Jimenez et al, 2010), and self-sacrifice or neglect (Kyriacou et al, 2008) associated with assuming an emotionally over-involved relationship with the patient.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury

Alway

McKay

Ponsford

et al. 2012

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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Levels of expressed emotion (EE) within the family, particularly criticism and emotional over-involvement, are associated with a patient's psychological outcome in a range of psychiatric and medical conditions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between levels of family EE and anxiety and depression in patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A further aim was to examine whether family members' levels of psychological distress and attributions of patient symptom controllability, were related to their levels of patient-directed EE. Participants were 43 patients who had sustained a complicated mild to severe TBI three months to five years previously, and their nominated family members. Results indicated that family members' criticism and emotional over-involvement were associated with patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, family members' levels of anxiety and depression were associated with their levels of patient-directed criticism and emotional over-involvement, whilst their attributions of patient symptom control were not. These findings suggest that levels of EE within the family are associated with psychological adjustment following TBI. Consequently, interventions targeting EE in family members may help to reduce psychiatric difficulties following TBI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury

Alway

McKay

Ponsford

et al. 2012

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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“…To obtain this sample, we pooled the data from three related projects of Mexican Americans (Dorian et al, 2008, Kopelowicz et al, 2006, Lopez et al, 2008). We refer to this sample as Mexican American (MA) 2000, as most of the recruitment was carried out in the early part of 2000.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural Variability in the Manifestation of Expressed Emotion

et al. 2009

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We examined the distribution of expressed emotion (EE) and its indices in a sample of 224 family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia pooled from 5 studies, 3 reflecting a contemporary sample of Mexican Americans (MA 2000, N ¼ 126), 1 of an earlier study of Mexican Americans (MA 1980, N ¼ 44), and the other of an earlier study of Anglo Americans (AA, N ¼ 54). Chi-square and path analyses revealed no significant differences between the 2 MA samples in rates of high EE, critical comments, hostility, and emotional over-involvement (EOI). Only caregiver warmth differed for the 2 MA samples; MA 1980 had higher warmth than MA 2000. Significant differences were consistently found between the combined MA samples and the AA sample; AAs had higher rates of high EE, more critical comments, less warmth, less EOI, and a high EE profile comprised more of criticism/hostility. We also examined the relationship of proxy measures of acculturation among the MA 2000 sample. The findings support and extend Jenkins' earlier observations regarding the cultural variability of EE for Mexican Americans. Implications are discussed regarding the cross-cultural measurement of EE and the focus of family interventions.

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“…A stressful family environment is an important risk factor, and the risk of relapse is about four times higher in patients returning to a family environment with high levels of EE. By contrast, low EE caregivers show greater acceptance towards their relative with schizophrenia, and this is related to lower levels of distress in both patient and caregivers [43]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes and burden in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in a middle income country

et al. 2011

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BackgroundMost studies of family attitudes and burden have been conducted in developed countries. Thus it is important to test the generalizability of this research in other contexts where social conditions and extended family involvement may be different. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the attitudes of caregivers and the burden they experience in such a context, namely Arica, a town located in the northernmost region of Chile, close to the border with Peru and Bolivia.MethodsWe assessed attitudes towards schizophrenia (including affective, cognitive and behavioural components) and burden (including subjective distress, rejection and competence) in 41 main caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, all of whom were users of Public Mental Health Services in Arica.ResultsAttitude measures differed significantly according to socio-demographic variables, with parents (mainly mothers) exhibiting a more negative attitude towards the environment than the rest of the family (t = 4.04; p = 0.000).This was also the case for caregivers with a low educational level (t = 3.27; p < 0.003), for the oldest caregivers (r = 0.546; p = 0.000) and for those who had spent more time with the patient (r = 0.377; p = 0.015). Although attitudes had significant association with burden, their explanatory power was modest (R2 = .104, F = 4,55; p = .039).ConclusionsSimilar to finding developed countries, the current study revealed a positive and significant relationship between the attitudes of caregivers and their burden. These findings emphasize the need to support the families of patients with schizophrenia in this social context.

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Acceptance and Expressed Emotion in Mexican American Caregivers of Relatives with Schizophrenia

Cited by 20 publications

References 35 publications

Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury

Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury

Cultural Variability in the Manifestation of Expressed Emotion

Attitudes and burden in relatives of patients with schizophrenia in a middle income country

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