Access to local citizenship and internal migration in a developing country: Evidence from a Hukou reform in China

Jin, Zhangfeng; Zhang, Junsen

doi:10.1016/j.jce.2022.08.004

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…First, it provides casual evidence on the impact of retirement on internal migration of older adults in a developing country, complementing existing studies that focus largely on migration decisions of the working age population (Sjaastad 1962, Bowles 1970, Rosenzweig and Stark 1989, Gröger and Zylberberg 2016, Munshi and Rosenzweig 2016, Morten 2019, Imbert et al 2022). In particular, our findings that the probability of being a migrant increases substantially upon retirement—possibly because disadvantaged retirees search for old age support from their adult children—echo with the welfare magnet hypothesis (Borjas 1999, Kaushal 2005, Fiva 2009, Agersnap et al 2020, Jin and Zhang 2023).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Can I live with you after I retire? Retirement, old age support and internal migration in a developing country

Chen

Jin

Prettner

2023

Canadian J of Economics

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This study provides causal evidence on the impact of retirement on internal migration in a developing country. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, combined with a nationally representative sample of 228,855 older Chinese adults, we find that retirement leads to an increase in the probability of being a migrant by 12.9 percentage points (an 80% increase in migration). Approximately 38% of the total migration effects can be attributed to intertemporal shifts. The impact is more pronounced for the lower‐educated, those who have restricted access to health insurance and pension and those who come from origins with high accommodation costs. Relying on old age support from adult children in migration is a likely mechanism. Lifting migration restrictions and improving government‐provided benefits for retirees could be helpful to cope with population aging in a developing country.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Can I live with you after I retire? Retirement, old age support and internal migration in a developing country

Chen

Jin

Prettner

2023

Canadian J of Economics

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“…Many workers in traditional agricultural sectors have shifted to nonagricultural sectors; however, still retain their original “hukou.” Hukou is a special identifier in China that refers to a household registration status. It impacts many aspects of life, such as children’s education, car, and house purchase, and access to welfare benefits, and is divided into “rural” and “urban” types according to the occupation division in China’s economy in the 1950s, as required by the Regulations of Hukou Registration issued by the Chinese government in 1958 (Jin & Zhang, 2022; Ning & Qi, 2017; Song, 2014). However, with the current increase in labor force shifts between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors, the distinction of hukou types does not necessarily match the actual working sector of its holders (Cheng & Selden, 1994; Ning & Qi, 2017).…”

Section: The Chinese Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between mental health status and labor force transitions in China: A longitudinal study between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors.

Jing¹,

Chen²,

Lai³

et al. 2023

Psychology and Aging

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No consensus has been reached on the relationship between retirement and mental health, and limited information is available on retirement and mental health in developing countries. This study investigated the associations between short-term changes in mental health status and labor force transitions (retirement and reemployment) in both the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors in China. This study used nationally representative panel data from three waves (2011, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study on workers and retirees aged 40-70 years in China. The latent change score (LCS) model was employed. The transition from nonagricultural and agricultural sectors to retirement significantly increased the changes in the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D-10) score.Reentering the nonagricultural sectors significantly decreased the changes in the CES-D-10 score, whereas reentering the agricultural sectors had no impact on the changes in the CES-D-10 score. Stronger associations were identified among male workers, while the associations were weaker and less significant for female workers. Findings are consistent with the resource-based dynamic theory and extends the work in developing country by showing the mental health status worsens after retirement transitions and improves after reentering the workforce, especially for nonagricultural male workers. Public Significance StatementThis study highlights the long-standing developmental question of the relationship between mental health status and labor force transitions and extends this topic about labors of different sorts transitions and mental health status in developing countries. This study contributes to the idea in the context of China that mental health status worsens after retirement transitions and improve after reentering the workforce, especially for nonagricultural male workers.

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“…Second, we extend to the emerging literature on the economic consequences of the labor market reform in China. Prior studies have explored the effect of hukou reform on employment adjustment (Wang, Milner, et al, 2021), corporate innovation (Chen et al, 2020), corporate investment (Wu et al, 2022), labor market outcomes of both incumbent migrants and natives (An et al, 2020), migration for different types of workers (Jin & Zhang, 2023), social welfare (Cai, 2011), economic development (Bosker et al, 2012;Hsu & Ma, 2021), and psychological well-being (Song & Smith, 2021). Much of the literature finds a positive impact of the hukou reform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of low‐skilled migrants on firm productivity: Evidence from hukou reform in China

Kong,

Zhang,

Xiong

2024

Review Development Economics

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In the past, China divided its citizens into “agricultural hukou” and “non‐agricultural hukou” to limit rural–urban migration, which contributed to China's early industrialization. However, the binary household registration system no longer suits China's development, and cities in China have successively carried out hukou reforms. Based on the reforms that trigger rural–urban migration, we investigate the impact of low‐cost and low‐skilled migrant workers on firm‐level total factor productivity (TFP). We employ a staggered difference‐in‐differences (DID) strategy to show the following results: (1) The hukou reform substantially reduces the listed firms' TFP by 6.9%. (2) The hukou reform has increased the number of employees and the labor intensity, as well as reduced average employee salaries, employee responsibility, and R&D in enterprises, revealing the mechanism by which hukou reform affects firm productivity. (3) Our findings are particularly pronounced in non‐state‐owned enterprises (non‐SOEs), enterprises with more stringent financing constraints, and cities with wider rural–urban income gaps.

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Access to local citizenship and internal migration in a developing country: Evidence from a Hukou reform in China

Cited by 16 publications

References 71 publications

Can I live with you after I retire? Retirement, old age support and internal migration in a developing country

Can I live with you after I retire? Retirement, old age support and internal migration in a developing country

Associations between mental health status and labor force transitions in China: A longitudinal study between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors.

The impact of low‐skilled migrants on firm productivity: Evidence from hukou reform in China

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