Accessibility of American University Special Education Departments’ Web sites

Ringlaben, Ravic; Bray, Marty; Packard, Abbot

doi:10.1007/s10209-013-0302-7

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, the websites of 5 papers were evaluated with A and AA conformance levels and 12 papers with A, AA and AAA conformance levels. It should be noted that 9 papers [ 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 57 ] do not stipulate the conformance levels used for the evaluation of university websites. The papers by conformance levels can be seen in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accessibility of university websites worldwide: a systematic literature review

Campoverde-Molina

Luján-Mora

Valverde

2021

Univ Access Inf Soc

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The identity and institutional image of universities are presented to the world through their websites. On their websites, universities publish their academic offerings, their mission, their vision, their academic objectives, their achievements, their regulations, their news and all their university work. Hence, the importance of university websites is accessible. The accessibility of university websites has been evaluated several times in the past, but there is no work that has summarized all the evaluations performed to provide a general overview of the situation. Therefore, in this research we have performed a systematic literature review (SLR) to consolidate, analyze, synthesize and interpret the accessibility results of university websites published in 42 papers that have been selected for this study. The methodology used in this SLR was that proposed in Kitchenham’s guidelines, which includes three stages: planning the review, conducting the review and reporting the review. The results present the analysis and synthesis of the evaluations of 9,140 universities in 67 countries. Of these, 38,416 web pages, 91,421 YouTube videos and 28,395 PDF documents were evaluated. Manual methods, methods with automatic tools and the combination of both methods were used for the evaluation. Most websites were evaluated using the ISO/IEC 40500:2012 and Section 508 standards. The accessibility guidelines most commonly violated in the evaluations were: adaptable, compatible, distinguishable, input assistance, keyboard accessible, navigable, predictable, readable and text alternatives. In conclusion, the university websites, YouTube videos and PDF documents analyzed in the 42 papers present important accessibility problems. The main contribution of this SLR is the consolidation of the results of the 42 studies selected to determine the findings and trends in the accessibility of university websites around the world.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… [ 44 ] Randomly selected 10 (6 public) (4 private) Homepages 10 . [ 45 ] Randomly selected 3,251 Homepages 31,701 28,395 PDFs [ 46 ] Sampling 51 (University Departments of Special Education) Homepages 51 . [ 47 ] Sampling 21 (educational web portals) .…”

Section: Appendix: Data Collected and Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessibility of university websites worldwide: a systematic literature review

Campoverde-Molina

Luján-Mora

Valverde

2021

Univ Access Inf Soc

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“…• Of the 25 papers, 5 were evaluated with WCAG 1.0. Papers [35], [37], [41] do not specify the level of conformance. Papers [49], [51] were evaluated with a level of conformance AA.…”

Section: ) Rq7 What Are the Wcag And Conformance Levels That Have Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Studies on Web Accessibility of Educational Websites: A Systematic Literature Review

2020

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Web accessibility means that people with some type of disability can make use of the Web in the same conditions as the rest of the people. When we talk about web accessibility, we refer to a web design and development that allows these people to perceive, understand, navigate and interact with the Web. Web accessibility also benefits other people, including elderly people whose abilities have declined as a result of age. The Web is an essential resource in human activity: education, employment, government, commerce, health, entertainment and many others benefit of the power of the Web. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the empirical methods of evaluating accessibility to educational websites, disabilities and their errors described in a total of 25 selected studies. The results show that in 20 of the 25 papers, web accessibility was evaluated with automatic tools, in 2 papers it was evaluated with real users and in the other 3 papers with automatic tools, real users and experts. There is also evidence that all the educational websites analyzed in the papers need to correct errors. In conclusion, educational websites do not meet any version of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and their conformance levels. According to the results, the empirical evaluation methods used for web accessibility could be improved by adopting automatic evaluation tools for website construction and manual mechanisms with web accessibility experts. The challenge for educational institutions is to carry out web accessibility projects to comply with WCAG and other web accessibility standards and current laws of educational inclusion. INDEX TERMS Assessment, education, systematic literature review, websites, web page design, Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG).

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“…Camilla Fulton (2011) detailed the extent of the problem when taking into account lack of compliance with WCAG 1.0. Other studies pointed out widespread accessibility problems with university websites (Ringlaben, Bray, & Packard, 2014;Ahmi & Mohamad, 2015;Alahmadi & Drew, 2017) and library websites and databases (Riley, 2002;Stewart, Narendra, & Schmetzke, 2005;Byerley, Chambers, & Thohira, 2007;Tatomir & Tatomir, 2012). After indicating the cognitive overload experienced by some library users with disabilities (Ahmed, Borodin, Puzis, & Rama Krishnan, 2012;Theofanos & Redish, 2006), some researchers have remarked on the need for improvements in cataloging practices, metadata, and similar strategies for increasing access to digital library resources (Xie, Babu, Joo, & Fuller, 2015;Beyene & Godwin, 2018).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%