Accessory neuropathy after high‐dose radiation therapy for tongue‐base carcinoma

Abstract

Hodological, electrophysiological, and ablation studies indicate a role for the basal forebrain in telencephalic vocal control; however, to date the organization of the basal forebrain has not been extensively studied in any nonmammal or nonhuman vocal learning species. To this end the chemical anatomy of the avian basal forebrain was investigated in a vocal learning parrot, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Immunological and histological stains, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)‐32, the calcium binding proteins calbindin D‐28k and parvalbumin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, iron, substance P, methionine enkephalin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphotase diaphorase, and arginine vasotocin were used in the present study. We conclude that the ventral paleostriatum (cf. Kitt and Brauth [1981] Neuroscience 6:1551–1566) and adjacent archistriatal regions can be subdivided into several distinct subareas that are chemically comparable to mammalian basal forebrain structures. The nucleus accumbens is histochemically separable into core and shell regions. The nucleus taeniae (TN) is theorized to be homologous to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The archistriatum pars ventrolateralis (Avl; comparable to the pigeon archistriatum pars dorsalis) is theorized to be a possible homologue of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The TN and Avl are histochemically continuous with the medial aspects of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the ventromedial striatum, forming an avian analogue of the extended amygdala. The apparent counterpart in budgerigars of the mammalian nucleus basalis of Meynert consists of a field of cholinergic neurons spanning the basal forebrain. The budgerigar septal region is theorized to be homologous as a field to the mammalian septum. Our results are discussed with regard to both the evolution of the basal forebrain and its role in vocal learning processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:383–408, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Orofacial Pain in Cancer: Part I—Mechanisms

“…Post-radiation neuropathy (sensory or motor) is welldocumented following the treatment of head and neck cancers. The interval between treatment and onset has ranged from 1 to 10 years, and radiation dosages from 62.5-100 Gy units (Andrews et al, 1995;Ogunrinde et al, 1995;Kang et al, 2000;Mizobuchi and Kincaid, 2003;Voges et al, 2006). The incidence of neuropathy varies with protocols used and areas irradiated (Rocher et al, 1995;Chen et al, 2007).…”

Isolated Head Drop Triggered by Neck Surgery Following Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy

“…It has been seen in accessory neuropathy after radiotherapy for tongue-base carcinoma. 14 The generator for myokymia may be in the soma of the neuron or in the distal motor axonal membrane because of a possible potassium channel abnormality. In the present case, findings of myokymic discharges strongly argue for an etiology of peripheral neuropathy after radiotherapy.…”