Accountant Modeling Technology and Statistics in the Context of the New Educational Concept
Abstract: Clear economic activity management is one of the most essential aspects of any company’s stable financial standing under contemporary conditions. Economic activity management at a company is impossible without an in-depth and detailed study of all the processes related to it on the basis of the highly professional activity of accountants. This article addresses the issues of the new educational concept.
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Cited by 5 publications
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The world is undergoing significant changes in corporate social responsibility of business, caused by a number of factors and “challenges” of time, which raises the question of the fundamental transformation of CSR management principles and tools. The most significant in terms of influence on CSR and the opportunities that open up is the digitalization of public life: the development of the digital economy and its new tools (principles of a “distributed registry” or blockchain, online platforms, digital communications). At the same time, Russia has its own peculiarities, in particular, public-private partnership mechanisms are becoming one of the factors of changes and promising directions for the development of CSR. PPP models are becoming a tool for enterprises and large companies to realize their corporate responsibility in terms of maintaining, reconstructing and constructing social facilities (long-term social investments), while reducing costs for non-core activities by sharing them with the state. Modern society is highly committed to humanitarian principles, to promote which close cooperation between community and business is required. Such close relationship between society and business is translated into the concept of corporate social responsibility. Lately, the concept of social responsibility of business has become increasingly popular though it has not been clearly defined yet. The relevance of the topic is due to both increased attention to the issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and those requirements that are put forward in this area in connection with the spread of new technologies. The origin of interest in the topic is usually associated with the publication of H. Bowen's monograph. In the future, it is developed in the writings of A. B. Carroll and A. K. Bachholtz, J. Moon, D. Vogel and others. The ambiguity of the concept of corporate social responsibility causes numerous disputes both regarding the interpretation of the term and the most important business tasks in this domain. In the article, the author considers how the modern institutional environment, which is emerging in the new economy, affects the implementation of these tasks. Methodologically, we use the approaches of institutional economic theory and evolutionary economics. The new economy, in which innovative changes lead to a fundamental modification of the behavior of economic entities, puts forward new requirements for the activities of individuals and firms. The number of workers in the information sphere is growing, the requirements for the level of education of workers are increasing, and the information opportunities of top management are increasing. Under such conditions, many CSR tasks can be implemented by the company more efficiently and in fundamentally new forms: the internal control system is improved, the degree of transparency of activities is increased, the Internet helps to develop common standards, and information tasks are successfully solved. The rapid introduction of new technologies into the economic life has a tremendous impact on the company's activities in such a significant area as CSR. And although this influence is difficult to evaluate unambiguously and quantitatively, it is safe to say that it will be strengthened in the future.
The world is undergoing significant changes in corporate social responsibility of business, caused by a number of factors and “challenges” of time, which raises the question of the fundamental transformation of CSR management principles and tools. The most significant in terms of influence on CSR and the opportunities that open up is the digitalization of public life: the development of the digital economy and its new tools (principles of a “distributed registry” or blockchain, online platforms, digital communications). At the same time, Russia has its own peculiarities, in particular, public-private partnership mechanisms are becoming one of the factors of changes and promising directions for the development of CSR. PPP models are becoming a tool for enterprises and large companies to realize their corporate responsibility in terms of maintaining, reconstructing and constructing social facilities (long-term social investments), while reducing costs for non-core activities by sharing them with the state. Modern society is highly committed to humanitarian principles, to promote which close cooperation between community and business is required. Such close relationship between society and business is translated into the concept of corporate social responsibility. Lately, the concept of social responsibility of business has become increasingly popular though it has not been clearly defined yet. The relevance of the topic is due to both increased attention to the issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and those requirements that are put forward in this area in connection with the spread of new technologies. The origin of interest in the topic is usually associated with the publication of H. Bowen's monograph. In the future, it is developed in the writings of A. B. Carroll and A. K. Bachholtz, J. Moon, D. Vogel and others. The ambiguity of the concept of corporate social responsibility causes numerous disputes both regarding the interpretation of the term and the most important business tasks in this domain. In the article, the author considers how the modern institutional environment, which is emerging in the new economy, affects the implementation of these tasks. Methodologically, we use the approaches of institutional economic theory and evolutionary economics. The new economy, in which innovative changes lead to a fundamental modification of the behavior of economic entities, puts forward new requirements for the activities of individuals and firms. The number of workers in the information sphere is growing, the requirements for the level of education of workers are increasing, and the information opportunities of top management are increasing. Under such conditions, many CSR tasks can be implemented by the company more efficiently and in fundamentally new forms: the internal control system is improved, the degree of transparency of activities is increased, the Internet helps to develop common standards, and information tasks are successfully solved. The rapid introduction of new technologies into the economic life has a tremendous impact on the company's activities in such a significant area as CSR. And although this influence is difficult to evaluate unambiguously and quantitatively, it is safe to say that it will be strengthened in the future.
International Accounting Practice Accounting is multifaceted and heterogeneous. First distinguish between international standards and national standards. National accounting standards for each country is being developed independently. The leading countries in the field of national accounting standards are the United Kingdom and the United States, which is determined by the role of these countries in international financial markets. In different countries, national accounting standards are called differently; in addition, various bodies are involved in their development: in some these are state bodies, in other countries professional organizations. International accounting standards are implemented and developed at 2 levels: international, global and regional. In the regional aspect, the main role belongs to the EU Accounting Commission, which regulates these matters in the EU countries. World standards are developed by several organizations: International Federation of Accountants, Committee on International Accounting Standards, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on International Standards Reporting and Accounting Center for Transnational United Nations Corporation, Economic development and cooperation. There is a great variety of accounting systems around the world. The differences between them are explained mainly by the different business environments in which they operate. Among many classifications, which are based on various principles, two main classifications can be distinguished. The first one is based on the “geographical” principle, i.e.: the UK-US system, the Continental system, the Latin American system. In the second classification, systems are clustered based on their typical properties and hierarchy. The upper level defines the objectives that the accounting system focuses on. Next, systems are rated based on whether the state insists on applying the theoretical approach or the actual legislative requirements and business needs. It might be difficult to classify a system as belonging to a specific group if the country’s accounting system is unstable. Thus, in the 60s of the 20th century, New Zealand started to separate from the UK, although many provisions of its accounting system were taken directly from the standards developed by the English Institute of Financial Accountants. In view of the existing challenges and various approaches to the classification of national accounting systems, the importance of such classification can hardly be overestimated. The proximity of national accounting systems in countries that belong to the same model suggests the possibility of harmonization of accounting principles at the international level. Based on the above: - the possibility of grouping national accounting systems into clusters makes it possible to level out the differences between them during standardization; - the convergence of economies of different countries due to the globalization of the world economy contributes to the unification of accounting principles at the global level.
Organizational and Methodical Mechanism of Internal Audit of Settlements in Corporate Systems
Internal audit is an important management function that covers accounting, financial analysis, and control, compares and evaluates the entity’s actual result achieved and its goals and objectives. Internal audit regularly monitors activities of all control targets, identifies the reasons for deviations from standards, fluctuations from the objectives set for a particular target, to promptly remedy any identified violations. Most of the standards on external audits can be applied to internal audits, for example, those relating to audit planning, the concept of audit risk, assessing the impact of internal control on the reliability of financial statements and others. A distinctive feature of an internal audit standard is that it contributes to the effective management of a company or a group of companies. This paper describes the methods for the internal audit of settlements in the corporate system. The above method will allow verifying the compatibility of analytical and synthetic accounting data, as well as the correlation between indicators reported in different financial reporting forms, at the initial stage and in accordance with the objectives set for any control item of internal audit. Their incompatibility can be indicative of inaccuracies in the reported data. Therefore, if necessary, a 100% check of statements should be conducted by breaking down summary indicators into individual ones. Moreover, the proposed model, made in the form of a chess table, allows to accelerate internal audit, determine the main methods and procedures for its implementation, establish a group of people directly or indirectly related to the identified inconsistencies, and determine the amount of material damage inflicted on entities or individuals. The materiality of errors should be quantitively and qualitatively assessed. For the quantitative assessment, the auditor should compare the errors found and the degree of materiality established at the planning stage. For the qualitative assessment, the auditor should rely on his/her own practical experience and knowledge. When analyzing the errors discovered by the audit, it is necessary to determine the degree of their influence on the reliability of the accounting (financial) statements. The list of audited documents, identified errors, and violations, as well as the auditor’s opinion based on the findings made during the audit, should be recorded in the working documents. Based on the goals, the work done to collect evidence, the matrixes filled out in the table and their analysis, the internal auditor can make a preliminary summary of the results of the internal audit and determine the matters that should be reported in his/her opinion. By applying this method for internal audit of settlements in corporate systems, the degree of compliance with the accounting standards and reporting rules can be determined. The advantage of this technique is that the number of control items is not limited.
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