Europe's indigo imports grew rapidly from the 1720s, but the mid-century wars had a devastating effect on the European textile industries and hence on the indigo trade. Britain's indigo market, however, boomed in wartime on the bases of prize indigo captured from France and Spain and of indigo imported from South Carolina.The rise of South Carolina's trade from the mid-1740s was not caused, as the historiography claims, by its monopoly of the British market-such a monopoly never existed-but because the depression in South Carolina's major staple, rice, compelled a remodelling of the South Carolina plantation system, which produced an elastic supply of indigo. Carolina indigo was blighted by a poor reputation, not, as is usually argued, because British merchants maligned unfairly its quality, but because Carolina planters failed to achieve consistent production standards. Carolina indigo nevertheless succeeded in displacing French and Spanish indigo in the British and in some continental markets, reflecting the demand for cheap dyestuffs from manufacturers of low-cost textiles, the fastest-growing sectors of the European textile industries at the onset of industrialization. I f foreign trade was the fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century British economy then it was trade with America, rather than with the traditional European markets, that was the fastest-growing sector of foreign trade.Thus, while the total value of England's imports rose from £5.8 million c.1700 to £12.7 million c.1775, America's share of these imports doubled from 20 to 40 per cent. 2 The hub of this trade was to be found in the slave-plantation colonies of the West Indies and the southern mainland, whose sugar, rum, coffee, tobacco, and rice made up 80 per cent of England's American imports by 1775.The production and marketing of these exotic consumables have received ample attention in the historiography. 3 However, the trades in raw materials, such as the timber and naval stores supplied by the northern colonies and the cotton and dyestuffs imported from the West Indies and South Carolina, have attracted less research. The leaststudied of the raw materials trades is that in dyestuffs, perhaps reflecting the fact that dyestuffs made up only 5 per cent of total English imports. Yet the trade provided the British textile industry with virtually its entire supply of dyestuffs and hence had a strategic importance out of all proportion to its monetary value. The 1 I would like to thank Steve Rigby and Pete Maw for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper, Paolo Di Martino for additional suggestions, and Hilary Wood for her excellent research assistance.2 Davis, 'English foreign trade', pp. 300-1; Cole, 'Factors in demand ', pp. 38-42. 3 For studies of the major import trades,