“…In consequence, the rise of nationalism brought trade unions and governments on the same page in demanding greater transparency, accountability, and information disclosure from the MNEs. Thus, from the 1980s to date, there has been a flood of research into the dynamics and ramifications of voluntary disclosure (See, for example: (Gray, Shaw, and McSweeney, 1981;Verrecchia, 1983Verrecchia, , 2001Jennings and Starks, 1985;Herbert, 1987;Meek, Roberts and Gray, 1995;Vishwanath and Kaufmann, 1999;Ho and Wong. 2001;Healy and Palepu, 2001;Bamber, Jiang, & Wang, 2010)).…”