“…In the progressive ratio task utilizing natural reward, dopamine antagonists only reduce operant responding on the active lever, not the inactive one, and only when animals are food deprived (Aberman et al, 1998;Hamill et al, 1999). In the concurrent food choice task, a similar reduction in responding is only seen in the 'choice' condition, not the 'no choice' condition Cousins et al, , 1996Salamone et al, 1995Salamone et al, , 2001Salamone et al, , 2002Sokolowski and Salamone, 1998;Aberman and Salamone, 1999;Nowend et al, 2001;Correa et al, 2002;Ishiwari et al, 2004;Mingote et al, 2005), suggesting that the role of dopamine becomes important when the task requires the ability to increase effort. Similarly, previous work in our laboratory utilizing genetic repression of dopamine transporter (DAT) expression (which elevates extracellular dopamine levels) has demonstrated increased operant responding for food reward in the progressive ratio task only on the active lever and only when food-deprived (Cagniard et al, 2006).…”