Accumulation and Degradation of Thiamin-binding Protein and Level of Thiamin in Wheat Seeds during Seed Maturation and Germination

Benfotiamine, thiamine monophosphate chloride and thiamine pyrophosphate chloride, as sources of vitamin B1 added for nutritional purposes to food supplements - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS)

“…Thiamine pyrophosphate chloride is the diphosphate form of thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) and this form occurs in foods in vegetables, cereals, legumes, meats, yeast and E. coli (Golda et al, 2004;Watanabe et al, 2004;Machlin, 1984).…”

“…Thiamine monophosphate and thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase) are naturally occurring forms of vitamin B 1 (thiamine) (Gubler, 1991;Gregory, 1997;Golda et al, 2004;Watanabe et al, 2004;Machlin, 1984). The oral absorption and bioavailability of thiamine monophosphate and thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase) in humans have been reported (Baker and Frank, 1976).…”

Thiamin (vitamin B1) and thiamin phosphate esters in five cereal grains during maturation

“…Its major biologically active derivative is thiamin diphosphate (TDP), which serves as a cofactor for two mitochondrial enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and as a soluble enzyme, transketolase (Bender, 1999;Bettendorf et al, 1996). Other forms of thiamin are thiamin triphosphate (TTP), which can be found in high concentrations in pig skeletal muscle (Egi et al, 1986), and proteinbound thiamin, which occurs in many kinds of plant seeds (Adachi et al, 2000;Golda et al, 2004;Watanabe et al, 2004). Adenosine thiamin triphosphate (AThTP) is a natural thiamin adenine nucleotide recently discovered in Escherichia coli and identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Bettendorf et al, 2007).…”

“…Thiamin-binding proteins (TBPs) retain T in dormant seeds. During seed germination, the thiaminbinding activity of TBPs decreases and T is made available for germ growth (Watanabe et al, 2004). A TBP was recently isolated from wheat grain and sesame seed; those results suggest that it is synthesized and accumulates in the aleurone layer.…”

Biosynthesis of thiamin-binding proteins in developing sesame seeds

“…It is assumed that thiamin-TBP complex is a storage form of thiamin in the seeds and thiamin is converted to thiamin pyrophosphate during germination (Mitsunaga et al 1987). The biochemical, structural and functional properties of the TBPs are well known (Shimizu et al 1995;Watanabe 1999;Rapala-Kozik and Kozik 1999;Adachi et al 2000;Adamek-Swierczynska and Kozik 2002;Watanabe et al 2003Watanabe et al , 2004Golda et al 2004). Many of TBPs isolated from plant seeds are globulin proteins with molecular masses over 100 kDa; however, TBPs classified into albumin proteins, with smaller molecular masses, have been found in sesame seeds (Shimizu et al 1995) and pea seeds (AdamekSwierczynska and Kozik 2002).…”