Accumulation and Depuration of Sediment-Sorbed C12- And C16-Polychlorinated Alkanes by Oligochaetes (Lumbriculus Variegatus)

Abstract

Abstract-Oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed to sediment spiked with four 14 C-polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) (C 12 H 20 were readily available to sediment-ingesting oligochaetes, whereas C 16 H 21 Cl 13 had lower bioavailability. Uptake rates of the C 12 -PCAs were greater than the C 16 -PCAs, but half-lives (t 1/2 s) were greater for the C 16 -PCAs (t 1/2 ϭ 30-33 d) than for the C 12 -PCAs (t 1/2 ϭ 12-14 d). Biota-sediment accumulation factors were Ͼ1 for C 12 H 20 Cl 6 , C 12 H 16 Cl 10 , and C 16 H 31 Cl 3 , but Ͻ1 for C 16 H 21 Cl 13 . Comparison of toluene-extractable and -nonextractable 14 C suggest that PCAs were biotransformed in aerobic sediments and by oligochaetes, and that the susceptibility to degradation in sediments decreases with increasing chlorine content. The relative abundance of individual PCAs may differ between sediment and benthic invertebrates because of differences in the bioaccumulation and degradation of PCAs of varying carbon chain length and chlorine content.

Environmental Occurrence and Distribution of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Sediments and Soils from the Liaohe River Basin, P. R. China

“…This may be due to the differences in susceptibility to microbial and abiotic degradation between the different SCCP congeners. 21,34 However, differences in the transportation abilities of SCCP congeners with different chlorine contents may also influence the SCCP congener group profiles in environmental samples, which should be investigated in detail in future studies. 21,22,35 This work demonstrated that industrial wastewater discharges into the Liaohe River have resulted in SCCP contamination of the environment.…”

Occurrences, sources and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China

“…In addition, the degradation of SCCPs propelled by microbes in sediments may also play an important role (Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, 2012;UK Environment Agency, 2007). It has been found that SCCPs become less susceptible to aerobic biodegradation as the carbon chain length increases (Fisk et al, 1998;Omori et al, 1987). That is to say, congeners with short carbon chains are more easily degraded in surface sediments, especially under the condition of many microorganisms, causing the further decrease of C 10 -CPs.…”

“…The annual production has been continuously and rapidly increasing, up to 6 Â 10 5 tons in 2007 (De Boer et al, 2010) and 1 Â 10 6 tons in 2009 , so that CPs are released into the environment on a large scale (Ma et al, 2014a;Wang et al, 2012Wang et al, , 2014Zeng et al, 2011a;Zeng et al, 2012b). Because of their high Koc values (Fisk et al, 1998), CPs are easily adsorbed into sediments. They can be accumulated by the sediment-dwelling organisms and then pose potential risks to humans after being further accumulated through the food chain (Houde et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2014b).…”

Chlorination pattern effect on thermodynamic parameters and environmental degradability for C 10 -SCCPs: Quantum chemical calculation based on virtual combinational library

“…As for sediment and soil samples, the most abundant congeners possessed 5-10 chlorine atoms (Chen et al, 2011;Gao et al, 2012;Hüttig and Oehme, 2006;Iino et al, 2005;Iozza et al, 2008;Marvin et al, 2003;Štejnarová et al, 2005;Tomy et al, 1999;Wang et al, 2013bWang et al, , 2013cZeng et al, 2011aZeng et al, , 2012cZeng et al, , 2013, quite similar to those in food, human milk and wildlife samples (Harada et al, 2011;Thomas et al, 2006;Zeng et al, 2011b). Regardless of the method limitation in analyzing C 10 -congeners with 1-4 chlorine atoms (Moore et al, 2004;Reth et al, 2005), the low stability of C 10 -congeners with 1-4 and 12-13 chlorine atoms was verified by the experimental data, indicating the instability and higher biodegradability of C-10 -congeners with low or high chlorination degree in the aerobic or aerobic environment, respectively (Allpress and Gowland, 1999;Chen et al, 2011;Fisk et al, 1998;Omori et al, 1987).…”